If you have questions about VictoriaMetrics, then feel free asking them in the [VictoriaMetrics community Slack chat](https://victoriametrics.slack.com/),
you can join it via [Slack Inviter](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/).
VictoriaMetrics is developed at a fast pace, so it is recommended to check the [CHANGELOG](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CHANGELOG.html) periodically,
and to perform [regular upgrades](#how-to-upgrade-victoriametrics).
* It can be used as a drop-in replacement for Prometheus in Grafana, because it supports the [Prometheus querying API](#prometheus-querying-api-usage).
* It can be used as a drop-in replacement for Graphite in Grafana, because it supports the [Graphite API](#graphite-api-usage).
VictoriaMetrics allows reducing infrastructure costs by more than 10x comparing to Graphite - see [this case study](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CaseStudies.html#grammarly).
* VictoriaMetrics consists of a single [small executable](https://medium.com/@valyala/stripping-dependency-bloat-in-victoriametrics-docker-image-983fb5912b0d)
* Easy and fast backups from [instant snapshots](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
can be done with [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup.html) / [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore.html) tools.
See [this article](https://medium.com/@valyala/speeding-up-backups-for-big-time-series-databases-533c1a927883) for more details.
* It implements a PromQL-like query language - [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html), which provides improved functionality on top of PromQL.
* It provides a global query view. Multiple Prometheus instances or any other data sources may ingest data into VictoriaMetrics. Later this data may be queried via a single query.
and [data querying](https://medium.com/@valyala/when-size-matters-benchmarking-victoriametrics-vs-timescale-and-influxdb-6035811952d4).
It [outperforms InfluxDB and TimescaleDB by up to 20x](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).
* It [uses 10x less RAM than InfluxDB](https://medium.com/@valyala/insert-benchmarks-with-inch-influxdb-vs-victoriametrics-e31a41ae2893)
and [up to 7x less RAM than Prometheus, Thanos or Cortex](https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-vs-victoriametrics-benchmark-on-node-exporter-metrics-4ca29c75590f)
when dealing with millions of unique time series (aka [high cardinality](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-cardinality)).
according to [this benchmark](https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-vs-victoriametrics-benchmark-on-node-exporter-metrics-4ca29c75590f).
* It is optimized for storage with high-latency IO and low IOPS (HDD and network storage in AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc).
See [disk IO graphs from these benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/high-cardinality-tsdb-benchmarks-victoriametrics-vs-timescaledb-vs-influxdb-13e6ee64dd6b).
* A single-node VictoriaMetrics may substitute moderately sized clusters built with competing solutions such as Thanos, M3DB, Cortex, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB.
See [vertical scalability benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae),
[comparing Thanos to VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://medium.com/@valyala/comparing-thanos-to-victoriametrics-cluster-b193bea1683)
and [Remote Write Storage Wars](https://promcon.io/2019-munich/talks/remote-write-storage-wars/) talk
from [PromCon 2019](https://promcon.io/2019-munich/talks/remote-write-storage-wars/).
* It protects the storage from data corruption on unclean shutdown (i.e. OOM, hardware reset or `kill -9`) thanks to
* It supports powerful [stream aggregation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html), which can be used as a [statsd](https://github.com/statsd/statsd) alternative.
See [case studies for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CaseStudies.html) and [various Articles about VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Articles.html).
VictoriaMetrics ecosystem contains the following components additionally to [single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/):
- [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) - lightweight agent for receiving metrics via [pull-based](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#how-to-collect-metrics-in-prometheus-format)
and [push-based](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#how-to-push-data-to-vmagent) protocols, transforming and sending them to the configured Prometheus-compatible
remote storage systems such as VictoriaMetrics.
- [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/) - a service for processing Prometheus-compatible alerting and recording rules.
- [vmalert-tool](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert-tool/) - a tool for validating alerting and recording rules.
- [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) - authorization proxy and load balancer optimized for VictoriaMetrics products.
- [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/) - auhtorization proxy with per-[tenant](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#multitenancy) rate limiting cababilities.
- [vmctl](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmctl/) - a tool for migrating and copying data between different storage systems for metrics.
- [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/), [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore/) and [vmbackupmanager](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackupmanager/) -
tools for creating backups and restoring from backups for VictoriaMetrics data.
-`vminsert`, `vmselect` and `vmstorage` - components of [VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html).
- [VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/VictoriaLogs/) - user-friendly cost-efficient database for logs.
*`-storageDataPath` - VictoriaMetrics stores all the data in this directory. The default path is `victoria-metrics-data` in the current working directory.
*`-retentionPeriod` - retention for stored data. Older data is automatically deleted. Default retention is 1 month (31 days). The minimum retention period is 24h or 1d. See [these docs](#retention) for more details.
Other flags have good enough default values, so set them only if you really need to. Pass `-help` to see [all the available flags with description and default values](#list-of-command-line-flags).
The following docs may be useful during initial VictoriaMetrics setup:
* [How to set up scraping of Prometheus-compatible targets](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter)
* [How to ingest data to VictoriaMetrics](#how-to-import-time-series-data)
* [How to set up Prometheus to write data to VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-setup)
* [How to query VictoriaMetrics via Grafana](#grafana-setup)
* [How to query VictoriaMetrics via Graphite API](#graphite-api-usage)
* Each `.` char in flag name must be substituted with `_` (for example `-insert.maxQueueDuration <duration>` will translate to `insert_maxQueueDuration=<duration>`).
* For repeating flags an alternative syntax can be used by joining the different values into one using `,` char as separator (for example `-storageNode <nodeA> -storageNode <nodeB>` will translate to `storageNode=<nodeA>,<nodeB>`).
* Environment var prefix can be set via `-envflag.prefix` flag. For instance, if `-envflag.prefix=VM_`, then env vars must be prepended with `VM_`.
Add the following lines to Prometheus config file (it is usually located at `/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml`) in order to send data to VictoriaMetrics:
VictoriaMetrics is developed at a fast pace, so it is recommended periodically checking [the CHANGELOG page](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CHANGELOG.html) and performing regular upgrades.
It is safe upgrading VictoriaMetrics to new versions unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.
It is safe skipping multiple versions during the upgrade unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.
It is recommended performing regular upgrades to the latest version, since it may contain important bug fixes, performance optimizations or new features.
It is also safe downgrading to older versions unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.
* Send `SIGINT` signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it. See [how to send signals to processes](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33239959/send-signal-to-process-from-command-line).
Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See [this article](https://grafana.com/blog/2019/03/25/whats-new-in-prometheus-2.8-wal-based-remote-write/) for details. The same applies also to [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html).
- [Trace analyzer](#query-tracing) - playground for loading query traces in JSON format;
- [WITH expressions playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/expand-with-exprs) - test how WITH expressions work;
VMUI provides auto-completion for [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html) functions, metric names, label names and label values. The auto-completion can be enabled
by checking the `Autocomplete` toggle. When the auto-completion is disabled, it can still be triggered for the current cursor position by pressing `ctrl+space`.
VMUI automatically switches from graph view to heatmap view when the query returns [histogram](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#histogram) buckets
and [VictoriaMetrics histograms](https://valyala.medium.com/improving-histogram-usability-for-prometheus-and-grafana-bc7e5df0e350) are supported).
Try, for example, [this query](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/?g0.expr=sum%28rate%28vm_promscrape_scrape_duration_seconds_bucket%29%29+by+%28vmrange%29&g0.range_input=24h&g0.end_input=2023-04-10T17%3A46%3A12&g0.relative_time=last_24_hours&g0.step_input=31m).
* Select the needed time range on the graph in order to zoom in into the selected time range. Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and scroll down in order to zoom out.
* Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and scroll up in order to zoom in the area under cursor.
* Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and drag the graph to the left / right in order to move the displayed time range into the future / past.
Query history can be navigated by holding `Ctrl` (or `Cmd` on MacOS) and pressing `up` or `down` arrows on the keyboard while the cursor is located in the query input field.
Multi-line queries can be entered by pressing `Shift-Enter` in query input field.
See the [example VMUI at VictoriaMetrics playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/?g0.expr=100%20*%20sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total))%20by%20(job)&g0.range_input=1d).
[VMUI](#vmui) provides `active queries` tab, which shows currently execute queries.
It provides the following information per each query:
- The query itself, together with the time range and step args passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query).
- The duration of the query execution.
- The client address, who initiated the query execution.
Note that [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html)
may show lower than expected number of unique label values for labels with small number of unique values.
This is because of [implementation limits](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/5a6e617b5e41c9170e7c562aecd15ee0c901d489/app/vmselect/netstorage/netstorage.go#L1039-L1045).
See [cardinality explorer playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/cardinality).
See the example of using the cardinality explorer [here](https://victoriametrics.com/blog/cardinality-explorer/).
In [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html) each vmstorage tracks the stored time series individually.
vmselect requests stats via [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats) API from each vmstorage node and merges the results by summing per-series stats.
This may lead to inflated values when samples for the same time series are spread across multiple vmstorage nodes
due to [replication](#replication) or [rerouting](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html?highlight=re-routes#cluster-availability).
Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See [this article](https://grafana.com/blog/2019/03/25/whats-new-in-prometheus-2.8-wal-based-remote-write/) for details. The same applies also to [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html).
VictoriaMetrics can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus for scraping targets configured in `prometheus.yml` config file
according to [the specification](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#configuration-file).
Just set `-promscrape.config` command-line flag to the path to `prometheus.yml` config - and VictoriaMetrics should start scraping the configured targets.
If the provided configuration file contains [unsupported options](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#unsupported-prometheus-config-sections),
then either delete them from the file or just pass `-promscrape.config.strictParse=false` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics, so it will ignore unsupported options.
The file pointed by `-promscrape.config` may contain `%{ENV_VAR}` placeholders, which are substituted by the corresponding `ENV_VAR` environment variable values.
VictoriaMetrics accepts data from [DataDog agent](https://docs.datadoghq.com/agent/), [DogStatsD](https://docs.datadoghq.com/developers/dogstatsd/) and
via ["submit metrics" API](https://docs.datadoghq.com/api/latest/metrics/#submit-metrics) at `/datadog/api/v2/series` or via "sketches" API at `/datadog/api/beta/sketches`.
To configure DataDog agent via [configuration file](https://github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/blob/878600ef7a55c5ef0efb41ed0915f020cf7e3bd0/pkg/config/config_template.yaml#L33)
See how to send data to VictoriaMetrics via DataDog "submit metrics" API [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#datadogapiv2series).
* Field names are mapped to time series names prefixed with `{measurement}{separator}` value, where `{separator}` equals to `_` by default. It can be changed with `-influxMeasurementFieldSeparator` command-line flag. See also `-influxSkipSingleField` command-line flag. If `{measurement}` is empty or if `-influxSkipMeasurement` command-line flag is set, then time series names correspond to field names.
* If `-usePromCompatibleNaming` command-line flag is set, then all the metric names and label names
are normalized to [Prometheus-compatible naming](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/#metric-names-and-labels) by replacing unsupported chars with `_`.
For example, `foo.bar-baz/1` metric name or label name is substituted with `foo_bar_baz_1`.
Note that InfluxDB line protocol expects [timestamps in *nanoseconds* by default](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/write_protocols/line_protocol_tutorial/#timestamp),
[Graphite relabeling](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#graphite-relabeling) can be used if the imported Graphite data is going to be queried via [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html).
VictoriaMetrics supports `__graphite__` pseudo-label for selecting time series with Graphite-compatible filters in [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html). For example, `{__graphite__="foo.*.bar"}` is equivalent to `{__name__=~"foo[.][^.]*[.]bar"}`, but it works faster and it is easier to use when migrating from Graphite to VictoriaMetrics. See [docs for Graphite paths and wildcards](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/render_api.html#paths-and-wildcards). VictoriaMetrics also supports [label_graphite_group](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#label_graphite_group) function for extracting the given groups from Graphite metric name.
The `__graphite__` pseudo-label supports e.g. alternate regexp filters such as `(value1|...|valueN)`. They are transparently converted to `{value1,...,valueN}` syntax [used in Graphite](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/render_api.html#paths-and-wildcards). This allows using [multi-value template variables in Grafana](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/variables/formatting-multi-value-variables/) inside `__graphite__` pseudo-label. For example, Grafana expands `{__graphite__=~"foo.($bar).baz"}` into `{__graphite__=~"foo.(x|y).baz"}` if `$bar` template variable contains `x` and `y` values. In this case the query is automatically converted into `{__graphite__=~"foo.{x,y}.baz"}` before execution.
You need passing `COLLECTOR_URL` and `NRIA_LICENSE_KEY` environment variables to NewRelic infrastructure agent in order to send the collected metrics to VictoriaMetrics.
The `COLLECTOR_URL` must point to `/newrelic` HTTP endpoint at VictoriaMetrics, while the `NRIA_LICENSE_KEY` must contain NewRelic license key,
which can be obtained [here](https://newrelic.com/signup).
For example, if VictoriaMetrics runs at `localhost:8428`, then the following command can be used for running NewRelic infrastructure agent:
to [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#raw-samples) in the following way:
1. Every numeric field is converted into a raw sample with the corresponding name.
1. The `eventType` and all the other fields with `string` value type are attached to every raw sample as [metric labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#labels).
1. The `timestamp` field is used as timestamp for the ingested [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#raw-samples).
The `timestamp` field may be specified either in seconds or in milliseconds since the [Unix Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time).
If the `timestamp` field is missing, then the raw sample is stored with the current timestamp.
For example, let's import the following NewRelic Events request to VictoriaMetrics:
* [/api/v1/targets](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#targets) - see [these docs](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter) for more details.
All the Prometheus querying API handlers can be prepended with `/prometheus` prefix. For example, both `/prometheus/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query` should work.
VictoriaMetrics accepts optional `extra_label=<label_name>=<label_value>` query arg, which can be used
for enforcing additional label filters for queries. For example, `/api/v1/query_range?extra_label=user_id=123&extra_label=group_id=456&query=<query>`
would automatically add `{user_id="123",group_id="456"}` label filters to the given `<query>`.
This functionality can be used for limiting the scope of time series visible to the given tenant.
It is expected that the `extra_label` query args are automatically set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics.
See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway.html) as examples of such proxies.
VictoriaMetrics accepts optional `extra_filters[]=series_selector` query arg, which can be used for enforcing arbitrary label filters for queries.
For example, `/api/v1/query_range?extra_filters[]={env=~"prod|staging",user="xyz"}&query=<query>` would automatically
add `{env=~"prod|staging",user="xyz"}` label filters to the given `<query>`. This functionality can be used for limiting
the scope of time series visible to the given tenant. It is expected that the `extra_filters[]` query args are automatically
set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics.
See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway.html) as examples of such proxies.
VictoriaMetrics accepts `round_digits` query arg for [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#instant-query)
and [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query) handlers. It can be used for rounding response values
to the given number of digits after the decimal point.
For example, `/api/v1/query?query=avg_over_time(temperature[1h])&round_digits=2` would round response values to up to two digits after the decimal point.
VictoriaMetrics accepts `limit` query arg for [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#apiv1labels)
and [`/api/v1/label/<labelName>/values`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#apiv1labelvalues) handlers for limiting the number of returned entries.
For example, the query to `/api/v1/labels?limit=5` returns a sample of up to 5 unique labels, while ignoring the rest of labels.
If the provided `limit` value exceeds the corresponding `-search.maxTagKeys` / `-search.maxTagValues` command-line flag values,
then limits specified in the command-line flags are used.
By default, VictoriaMetrics returns time series for the last day starting at 00:00 UTC
from [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#apiv1series),
[/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#apiv1labels) and
while the Prometheus API defaults to all time. Explicitly set `start` and `end` to select the desired time range.
VictoriaMetrics rounds the specified `start..end` time range to day granularity because of performance optimization concerns.
If you need the exact set of label names and label values on the given time range, then send queries
to [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#instant-query) or to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query).
VictoriaMetrics accepts `limit` query arg at [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#apiv1series)
for limiting the number of returned entries. For example, the query to `/api/v1/series?limit=5` returns a sample of up to 5 series, while ignoring the rest of series.
If the provided `limit` value exceeds the corresponding `-search.maxSeries` command-line flag values, then limits specified in the command-line flags are used.
* the handler scans all the inverted index, so it can be slow if the database contains tens of millions of time series;
* the handler may count [deleted time series](#how-to-delete-time-series) additionally to normal time series due to internal implementation restrictions;
*`/api/v1/status/active_queries` - returns the list of currently running queries. This list is also available at [`active queries` page at VMUI](#active-queries).
The number of returned queries can be limited via `topN` query arg. Old queries can be filtered out with `maxLifetime` query arg.
For example, request to `/api/v1/status/top_queries?topN=5&maxLifetime=30s` would return up to 5 queries per list, which were executed during the last 30 seconds.
The partial RFC3339 time is in UTC timezone by default. It is possible to specify timezone there by adding `+hh:mm` or `-hh:mm` suffix to partial time.
For example, `2022-03-01+06:30` is `2022-03-01` at `06:30` timezone.
- Relative duration comparing to the current time. For example, `1h5m`, `-1h5m` or `now-1h5m` means `one hour and five minutes ago`, while `now` means `now`.
VictoriaMetrics supports data ingestion in Graphite protocol - see [these docs](#how-to-send-data-from-graphite-compatible-agents-such-as-statsd) for details.
VictoriaMetrics supports the following Graphite querying APIs, which are needed for [Graphite datasource in Grafana](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/graphite/):
VictoriaMetrics accepts optional query args: `extra_label=<label_name>=<label_value>` and `extra_filters[]=series_selector` query args for all the Graphite APIs. These args can be used for limiting the scope of time series visible to the given tenant. It is expected that the `extra_label` query arg is automatically set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics. See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway.html) as examples of such proxies.
VictoriaMetrics supports `__graphite__` pseudo-label for filtering time series with Graphite-compatible filters in [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html). See [these docs](#selecting-graphite-metrics).
*`delimiter` - for using different delimiters in metric name hierarchy. For example, `/metrics/find?delimiter=_&query=node_*` would return all the metric name prefixes
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm` or `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm64` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm-prod` or `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm64-prod` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
More details may be found [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/master/deployment/docker#folder-contains-basic-images-and-tools-for-building-and-running-victoria-metrics-in-docker).
Snapshots consist of a mix of hard-links and soft-links to various files and directories inside `-storageDataPath`.
See [this article](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
for more details. This adds some restrictions on what can be done with the contents of `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` directory:
- Do not delete subdirectories inside `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` with `rm` or similar commands, since this will leave some snapshot data undeleted.
Prefer using the `/snapshot/delete` API for deleting snapshot. See below for more details about this API.
- Do not copy subdirectories inside `<-storageDataPath>/snapshot` with `cp`, `rsync` or similar commands, since there are high chances
that these commands won't copy some data stored in the snapshot. Prefer using [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup.html) for making copies of snapshot data.
Snapshot doesn't occupy disk space just after its' creation thanks to the [used approach](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
Old snapshots may start occupying additional disk space if they refer to old parts, which were already deleted during [background merge](#storage).
That's why it is recommended deleting old snapshots after they are no longer needed in order to free up disk space used by old snapshots.
This can be done either manually or automatically if the `-snapshotsMaxAge` command-line flag is set. Make sure that the backup process has enough time to complete
when setting `-snapshotsMaxAge` command-line flag.
VictoriaMetrics exposes the current number of available snapshots via `vm_snapshots` metric at [`/metrics`](#monitoring) page.
Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_delete>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
Storage space for the deleted time series isn't freed instantly - it is freed during subsequent
[background merges of data files](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
It is recommended verifying which metrics will be deleted with the call to `http://<victoria-metrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`
in order to keep good performance characteristics when accepting new data. These compactions (merges) are performed independently on per-month partitions.
This means that compactions are stopped for per-month partitions if no new data is ingested into these partitions.
Sometimes it is necessary to trigger compactions for old partitions. For instance, in order to free up disk space occupied by [deleted time series](#how-to-delete-time-series).
In this case forced compaction may be initiated on the specified per-month partition by sending request to `/internal/force_merge?partition_prefix=YYYY_MM`,
where `YYYY_MM` is per-month partition name. For example, `http://victoriametrics:8428/internal/force_merge?partition_prefix=2020_08` would initiate forced
merge for August 2020 partition. The call to `/internal/force_merge` returns immediately, while the corresponding forced merge continues running in background.
Forced merges may require additional CPU, disk IO and storage space resources. It is unnecessary to run forced merge under normal conditions,
since VictoriaMetrics automatically performs [optimal merges in background](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
where `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
The response would contain all the data for the selected time series in JSON line format - see [these docs](#json-line-format) for details on this format.
*`custom:<layout>` - custom layout for time that is supported by [time.Format](https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time.Format) function from Go.
*`<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
The [deduplication](#deduplication) is applied for the data exported in CSV by default. It is possible to export raw data without de-duplication by passing `reduce_mem_usage=1` query arg to `/api/v1/export/csv`.
Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/native?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to export. Use `{__name__=~".*"}` selector for fetching all the time series.
On large databases you may experience problems with limit on the number of time series, which can be exported. In this case you need to adjust `-search.maxExportSeries` command-line flag:
The [deduplication](#deduplication) isn't applied for the data exported in native format. It is expected that the de-duplication is performed during data import.
* [Prometheus remote_write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write). See [these docs](#prometheus-setup) for details.
*`/api/v1/import/prometheus` for importing data in Prometheus exposition format and in [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url).
See [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format) for details.
Please note, most of the ingestion APIs (except [Prometheus remote_write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write))
are optimized for performance and processes data in a streaming fashion.
It means that client can transfer unlimited amount of data through the open connection. Because of this, import APIs
may not return parsing errors to the client, as it is expected for data stream to be not interrupted.
Instead, look for parsing errors on the server side (VictoriaMetrics single-node or vminsert) or
VictoriaMetrics parses input JSON lines one-by-one. It loads the whole JSON line in memory, then parses it and then saves the parsed samples into persistent storage.
This means that VictoriaMetrics can occupy big amounts of RAM when importing too long JSON lines.
The solution is to split too long JSON lines into shorter lines. It is OK if samples for a single time series are split among multiple JSON lines.
The specification of VictoriaMetrics' native format may yet change and is not formally documented yet. So currently we do not recommend that external clients attempt to pack their own metrics in native format file.
If you have a native format file obtained via [/api/v1/export/native](#how-to-export-data-in-native-format) however this is the most efficient protocol for importing data in.
*`<column_pos>` is the position of the CSV column (field). Column numbering starts from 1. The order of parsing rules may be arbitrary.
*`<type>` describes the column type. Supported types are:
*`metric` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains metric value, which must be integer or floating-point number.
The metric name is read from the `<context>`. CSV line must have at least a single metric field. Multiple metric fields per CSV line is OK.
*`label` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains label value. The label name is read from the `<context>`.
CSV line may have arbitrary number of label fields. All these labels are attached to all the configured metrics.
*`time` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains metric time. CSV line may contain either one or zero columns with time.
If CSV line has no time, then the current time is used. The time is applied to all the configured metrics.
The format of the time is configured via `<context>`. Supported time formats are:
*`unix_s` - unix timestamp in seconds.
*`unix_ms` - unix timestamp in milliseconds.
*`unix_ns` - unix timestamp in nanoseconds. Note that VictoriaMetrics rounds the timestamp to milliseconds.
*`rfc3339` - timestamp in [RFC3339](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339) format, i.e. `2006-01-02T15:04:05Z`.
*`custom:<layout>` - custom layout for the timestamp. The `<layout>` may contain arbitrary time layout according to [time.Parse rules in Go](https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Parse).
Each request to `/api/v1/import/csv` may contain arbitrary number of CSV lines.
Example for importing CSV data via `/api/v1/import/csv`:
VictoriaMetrics accepts data in [Prometheus exposition format](https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/master/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md#text-based-format),
in [OpenMetrics format](https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/master/specification/OpenMetrics.md)
and in [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url) via `/api/v1/import/prometheus` path.
For example, the following command imports a single line in Prometheus exposition format into VictoriaMetrics:
The following command imports a single metric via [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url) with `{job="my_app",instance="host123"}` labels:
Extra labels may be added to all the imported metrics either via [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url)
or by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args. For example, `/api/v1/import/prometheus?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `{foo="bar"}` label to all the imported metrics.
It can be overridden by passing unix timestamp in *milliseconds* via `timestamp` query arg. For example, `/api/v1/import/prometheus?timestamp=1594370496905`.
VictoriaMetrics supports data ingestion via [OpenTelemetry protocol for metrics](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/ffddc289462dfe0c2041e3ca42a7b1df805706de/specification/metrics/data-model.md) at `/opentelemetry/v1/metrics` path.
It is recommended passing 1K-10K samples per line for achieving the maximum data ingestion performance at [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format).
Too long JSON lines may increase RAM usage at VictoriaMetrics side.
[/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) handler accepts `max_rows_per_line` query arg, which allows limiting the number of samples per each exported line.
The number of lines in the request to [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format) can be arbitrary - they are imported in streaming manner.
The `-relabelConfig` files can contain special placeholders in the form `%{ENV_VAR}`, which are replaced by the corresponding environment variable values.
The relabeling can be debugged at `http://victoriametrics:8428/metric-relabel-debug` page
or at our [public playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/relabeling).
at `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_federation>`.
Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to scrape the last point for each selected time series on the `[start ... end]` interval.
By default, the last point on the interval `[now - max_lookback ... now]` is scraped for each time series. The default value for `max_lookback` is `5m` (5 minutes), but it can be overridden with `max_lookback` query arg.
For instance, `/federate?match[]=up&max_lookback=1h` would return last points on the `[now - 1h ... now]` interval. This may be useful for time series federation
VictoriaMetrics uses lower amounts of CPU, RAM and storage space on production workloads compared to competing solutions (Prometheus, Thanos, Cortex, TimescaleDB, InfluxDB, QuestDB, M3DB) according to [our case studies](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CaseStudies.html).
VictoriaMetrics capacity scales linearly with the available resources. The needed amounts of CPU and RAM highly depends on the workload - the number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series), series [churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate), query types, query qps, etc. It is recommended setting up a test VictoriaMetrics for your production workload and iteratively scaling CPU and RAM resources until it becomes stable according to [troubleshooting docs](#troubleshooting). A single-node VictoriaMetrics works perfectly with the following production workload according to [our case studies](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CaseStudies.html):
The needed storage space for the given retention (the retention is set via `-retentionPeriod` command-line flag) can be extrapolated from disk space usage in a test run. For example, if `-storageDataPath` directory size becomes 10GB after a day-long test run on a production workload, then it will need at least `10GB*100=1TB` of disk space for `-retentionPeriod=100d` (100-days retention period).
* At least [20% of free storage space](#storage) at the directory pointed by `-storageDataPath` command-line flag. See also `-storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes` command-line flag description [here](#list-of-command-line-flags).
By default, VictoriaMetrics is tuned for an optimal resource usage under typical workloads. Some workloads may need fine-grained resource usage limits. In these cases the following command-line flags may be useful:
-`-memory.allowedPercent` and `-memory.allowedBytes` limit the amounts of memory, which may be used for various internal caches at VictoriaMetrics.
Note that VictoriaMetrics may use more memory, since these flags don't limit additional memory, which may be needed on a per-query basis.
-`-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` limits the amounts of memory, which can be used for processing a single query. Queries, which need more memory, are rejected.
Heavy queries, which select big number of time series, may exceed the per-query memory limit by a small percent. The total memory limit
for concurrently executed queries can be estimated as `-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` multiplied by `-search.maxConcurrentRequests`.
-`-search.maxUniqueTimeseries` limits the number of unique time series a single query can find and process. VictoriaMetrics keeps in memory
some metainformation about the time series located by each query and spends some CPU time for processing the found time series.
This means that the maximum memory usage and CPU usage a single query can use is proportional to `-search.maxUniqueTimeseries`.
-`-search.maxQueryDuration` limits the duration of a single query. If the query takes longer than the given duration, then it is canceled.
This allows saving CPU and RAM when executing unexpected heavy queries.
-`-search.maxConcurrentRequests` limits the number of concurrent requests VictoriaMetrics can process. Bigger number of concurrent requests usually means
bigger memory usage. For example, if a single query needs 100 MiB of additional memory during its execution, then 100 concurrent queries may need `100 * 100 MiB = 10 GiB`
of additional memory. So it is better to limit the number of concurrent queries, while suspending additional incoming queries if the concurrency limit is reached.
VictoriaMetrics provides `-search.maxQueueDuration` command-line flag for limiting the max wait time for suspended queries. See also `-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` command-line flag.
-`-search.maxSamplesPerSeries` limits the number of raw samples the query can process per each time series. VictoriaMetrics sequentially processes
raw samples per each found time series during the query. It unpacks raw samples on the selected time range per each time series into memory
and then applies the given [rollup function](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#rollup-functions). The `-search.maxSamplesPerSeries` command-line flag
allows limiting memory usage in the case when the query is executed on a time range, which contains hundreds of millions of raw samples per each located time series.
-`-search.maxResponseSeries` limits the number of time series a single query can return from [`/api/v1/query`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#instant-query)
and [`/api/v1/query_range`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query).
-`-search.maxPointsPerTimeseries` limits the number of calculated points, which can be returned per each matching time series
from [range query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query).
-`-search.maxPointsSubqueryPerTimeseries` limits the number of calculated points, which can be generated per each matching time series
during [subquery](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#subqueries) evaluation.
-`-search.maxSeriesPerAggrFunc` limits the number of time series, which can be generated by [MetricsQL aggregate functions](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#aggregate-functions)
-`-search.maxSeries` limits the number of time series, which may be returned from [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series).
This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of metric names, label names and label values. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts
of CPU time and memory when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxSeries` to quite low value in order limit CPU and memory usage.
See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
-`-search.maxTagKeys` limits the number of items, which may be returned from [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels).
This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxTagKeys` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
-`-search.maxTagValues` limits the number of items, which may be returned from [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues).
This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label values. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxTagValues` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
-`-search.maxLabelsAPISeries` limits the number of time series, which can be scanned when performing [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels),
These endpoints are used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names and label values. Queries to these endpoints may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
These endpoints are used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names and label values. Queries to these endpoints may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
-`-search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI` enables ignoring of `match[]`, [`extra_filters[]` and `extra_label`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-querying-api-enhancements)
query args at [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels) and
-`-search.maxTagValueSuffixesPerSearch` limits the number of entries, which may be returned from `/metrics/find` endpoint. See [Graphite Metrics API usage docs](#graphite-metrics-api-usage).
- To run two identically configured VictoriaMetrics instances in distinct datacenters (availability zones);
- To store the collected data simultaneously into these instances via [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html) or Prometheus.
- To query the first VictoriaMetrics instance and to fail over to the second instance when the first instance becomes temporarily unavailable.
This can be done via [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) according to [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html#high-availability).
VictoriaMetrics leaves a single [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#raw-samples)
with the biggest [timestamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time) for each [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#time-series)
per each `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` discrete interval if `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` is set to positive duration.
For example, `-dedup.minScrapeInterval=60s` would leave a single raw sample with the biggest timestamp per each discrete
[Prometheus staleness markers](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#prometheus-staleness-markers) are processed as any other value during de-duplication.
The de-duplication reduces disk space usage if multiple **identically configured** [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html)
or Prometheus instances in HA pair write data to the same VictoriaMetrics instance.
These vmagent or Prometheus instances must have **identical**`external_labels` section in their configs,
so they write data to the same time series.
See also [how to set up multiple vmagent instances for scraping the same targets](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets).
It is recommended passing different `-promscrape.cluster.name` values to each distinct HA pair of `vmagent` instances,
so the de-duplication consistently leaves samples for one `vmagent` instance and removes duplicate samples
from other `vmagent` instances.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#high-availability) for details.
VictoriaMetrics stores all the ingested samples to disk even if `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` command-line flag is set.
The ingested samples are de-duplicated during [background merges](#storage) and during query execution.
VictoriaMetrics also supports de-duplication during data ingestion before the data is stored to disk, via `-streamAggr.dedupInterval` command-line flag -
see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#deduplication).
See more details in [monitoring docs](#monitoring).
See [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282) for more details.
See also [how to work with snapshots](#how-to-work-with-snapshots).
**Data partitions** outside the configured retention are deleted **on the first day of the new month**.
Each partition consists of one or more **data parts**. Data parts outside the configured retention
are **eventually deleted** during [background merge](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
The time range covered by data part is **not limited by retention period unit**. One data part can cover hours or days of
data. Hence, a data part can be deleted only **when fully outside the configured retention**.
Community version of VictoriaMetrics supports only a single retention, which can be configured via [-retentionPeriod](#retention) command-line flag.
If you need multiple retentions in community version of VictoriaMetrics, then you may start multiple VictoriaMetrics instances with distinct values for the following flags:
which allow configuring multiple retentions for distinct sets of time series matching the configured [series filters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering)
via `-retentionFilter` command-line flag. This flag accepts `filter:duration` options, where `filter` must be
a valid [series filter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering), while the `duration`
- The data outside the configured retention isn't deleted instantly - it is deleted eventually during [background merges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#storage).
- The `-retentionFilter` doesn't remove old data from `indexdb` (aka inverted index) until the configured [-retentionPeriod](#retention).
So the `indexdb` size can grow big under [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate)
even for small retentions configured via `-retentionFilter`.
It is safe updating `-retentionFilter` during VictoriaMetrics restarts - the updated retention filters are applied eventually
to historical data.
See [how to configure multiple retentions in VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#retention-filters).
Retention filters can be evaluated for free by downloading and using enterprise binaries from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
*`-downsampling.period=30d:5m,180d:1h` instructs VictoriaMetrics to deduplicate samples older than 30 days with 5 minutes interval and to deduplicate samples older than 180 days with 1 hour interval.
Downsampling is applied independently per each time series and leaves a single [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#raw-samples)
with the biggest [timestamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time) on the configured interval, in the same way as [deduplication](#deduplication) does.
It works the best for [counters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#counter) and [histograms](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#histogram),
as their values are always increasing. But downsampling [gauges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#gauge)
would mean losing the changes within the downsampling interval. Please note, you can use [recording rules](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert.html#rules)
of time series with small number of samples per each series (aka [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate)),
since downsampling doesn't reduce the number of time series. In this case the majority of query time is spent on searching for the matching time series
instead of processing the found samples.
It is possible to use [stream aggregation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html) in [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html)
or recording rules in [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert.html) in order to
Please, note that intervals of `-downsampling.period` must be multiples of each other.
In case [deduplication](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#deduplication) is enabled value of `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` must also be multiple of `-downsampling.period` intervals.
This is required to ensure consistency of deduplication and downsampling results.
The downsampling can be evaluated for free by downloading and using enterprise binaries from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support multi-tenancy. Use the [cluster version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#multitenancy) instead.
Though single-node VictoriaMetrics cannot scale to multiple nodes, it is optimized for resource usage - storage size / bandwidth / IOPS, RAM, CPU.
This means that a single-node VictoriaMetrics may scale vertically and substitute a moderately sized cluster built with competing solutions
such as Thanos, Uber M3, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See [vertical scalability benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).
So try single-node VictoriaMetrics at first and then [switch to the cluster version](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster) if you still need
Additionally, alerting can be set up with the following tools:
* With Prometheus - see [the corresponding docs](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/overview/).
* With Promxy - see [the corresponding docs](https://github.com/jacksontj/promxy/blob/master/README.md#how-do-i-use-alertingrecording-rules-in-promxy).
* With Grafana - see [the corresponding docs](https://grafana.com/docs/alerting/rules/).
By default `VictoriaMetrics` accepts http requests at `8428` port (this port can be changed via `-httpListenAddr` command-line flags).
[Enterprise version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html) supports the ability to accept [mTLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication)
requests at this port, by specifying `-tls` and `-mtls` command-line flags. For example, the following command runs `VictoriaMetrics`, which accepts only mTLS requests at port `8428`:
```
./victoria-metrics -tls -mtls
```
By default system-wide [TLS Root CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate) is used for verifying client certificates if `-mtls` command-line flag is specified.
It is possible to specify custom TLS Root CA via `-mtlsCAFile` command-line flag.
which are indended for serving public requests and performing authorization with [TLS termination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy).
- All the requests from untrusted networks to VictoriaMetrics components must go through auth proxy such as [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html)
or [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway.html). The proxy must be set up with proper authentication and authorization.
- Prefer using lists of allowed API endpoints, while disallowing access to other endpoints when configuring [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html)
- Set reasonable [`Strict-Transport-Security`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security) header value to all the components to mitigate [MitM attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack), for example: `max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains`. See `-http.header.hsts` flag.
- Set reasonable [`Content-Security-Policy`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP) header value to mitigate [XSS attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting). See `-http.header.csp` flag.
- Set reasonable [`X-Frame-Options`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options) header value to mitigate [clickjacking attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking), for example `DENY`. See `-http.header.frameOptions` flag.
*`-tls`, `-tlsCertFile` and `-tlsKeyFile` for switching from HTTP to HTTPS at `-httpListenAddr` (8428 by default).
*`-mtls` and `-mtlsCAFile` for enabling [mTLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication) for requests to `-httpListenAddr`. See [these docs](#mtls-protection).
*`-reloadAuthKey` for protecting `/-/reload` endpoint, which is used for force reloading of [`-promscrape.config`](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter).
For example, substitute `-graphiteListenAddr=:2003` with `-graphiteListenAddr=<internal_iface_ip>:2003`. This protects from unexpected requests from untrusted network interfaces.
The only option is increasing the limit on [the number of open files in the OS](https://medium.com/@muhammadtriwibowo/set-permanently-ulimit-n-open-files-in-ubuntu-4d61064429a).
The recommendation is not specific for VictoriaMetrics only but also for any service which handles many HTTP connections and stores data on disk.
* VictoriaMetrics is a write-heavy application and its performance depends on disk performance. So be careful with other
* The recommended filesystem is `ext4`, the recommended persistent storage is [persistent HDD-based disk on GCP](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/#pdspecs),
since it is protected from hardware failures via internal replication and it can be [resized on the fly](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/add-persistent-disk#resize_pd).
VictoriaMetrics returns TSDB stats at `/api/v1/status/tsdb` page in the way similar to Prometheus - see [these Prometheus docs](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#tsdb-stats). VictoriaMetrics accepts the following optional query args at `/api/v1/status/tsdb` page:
*`date=YYYY-MM-DD` where `YYYY-MM-DD` is the date for collecting the stats. By default the stats is collected for the current day. Pass `date=1970-01-01` in order to collect global stats across all the days.
*`focusLabel=LABEL_NAME` returns label values with the highest number of time series for the given `LABEL_NAME` in the `seriesCountByFocusLabelValue` list.
*`match[]=SELECTOR` where `SELECTOR` is an arbitrary [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors) for series to take into account during stats calculation. By default all the series are taken into account.
*`extra_label=LABEL=VALUE`. See [these docs](#prometheus-querying-api-enhancements) for more details.
In [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html) each vmstorage tracks the stored time series individually.
vmselect requests stats via [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats) API from each vmstorage node and merges the results by summing per-series stats.
This may lead to inflated values when samples for the same time series are spread across multiple vmstorage nodes
due to [replication](#replication) or [rerouting](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html?highlight=re-routes#cluster-availability).
*`-storage.maxHourlySeries` - limits the number of time series that can be added during the last hour. Useful for limiting the number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series).
*`-storage.maxDailySeries` - limits the number of time series that can be added during the last day. Useful for limiting daily [churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
Both limits can be set simultaneously. If any of these limits is reached, then incoming samples for new time series are dropped. A sample of dropped series is put in the log with `WARNING` level.
The exceeded limits can be [monitored](#monitoring) with the following metrics:
*`vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total` - the number of metrics dropped due to exceeded hourly limit on the number of unique time series.
* It is recommended to have at least 50% of spare resources for CPU, disk IO and RAM, so VictoriaMetrics could handle short spikes in the workload without performance issues.
* VictoriaMetrics requires free disk space for [merging data files to bigger ones](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
It may slow down when there is no enough free space left. So make sure `-storageDataPath` directory
has at least 20% of free space. The remaining amount of free space
can be [monitored](#monitoring) via `vm_free_disk_space_bytes` metric. The total size of data
stored on the disk can be monitored via sum of `vm_data_size_bytes` metrics.
* If you run VictoriaMetrics on a host with 16 or more CPU cores, then it may be needed to tune the `-search.maxWorkersPerQuery` command-line flag
in order to improve query performance. If VictoriaMetrics serves big number of concurrent `select` queries, then try reducing the value for this flag.
If VcitoriaMetrics serves heavy queries, which select `>10K` of [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#time-series) and/or process `>100M`
of [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#raw-samples) per query, then try setting the value for this flag to the number of available CPU cores.
See [storage docs](#storage) and [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/wal-usage-looks-broken-in-modern-time-series-databases-b62a627ab704) for more details.
then it is likely you have too many [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series) for the current amount of RAM.
VictoriaMetrics [exposes](#monitoring) `vm_slow_*` metrics such as `vm_slow_row_inserts_total` and `vm_slow_metric_name_loads_total`, which could be used
as an indicator of low amounts of RAM. It is recommended increasing the amount of RAM on the node with VictoriaMetrics in order to improve
* If you store Graphite metrics like `foo.bar.baz` in VictoriaMetrics, then `{__graphite__="foo.*.baz"}` filter can be used for selecting such metrics.
See [these docs](#selecting-graphite-metrics) for details. You can also query Graphite metrics with [Graphite querying API](#graphite-render-api-usage).
All the VictoriaMetrics components support pushing their metrics exposed at `/metrics` page to remote storage in Prometheus text exposition format.
This functionality may be used instead of [classic Prometheus-like metrics scraping](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter)
if VictoriaMetrics components are located in isolated networks, so they cannot be scraped by local [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html).
The following command-line flags are related to pushing metrics from VictoriaMetrics components:
*`-pushmetrics.url` - the url to push metrics to. For example, `-pushmetrics.url=http://victoria-metrics:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus` instructs
to push internal metrics to `/api/v1/import/prometheus` endpoint according to [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format).
The `-pushmetrics.url` can be specified multiple times. In this case metrics are pushed to all the specified urls.
The url can contain basic auth params in the form `http://user:pass@hostname/api/v1/import/prometheus`.
Metrics are pushed to the provided `-pushmetrics.url` in a compressed form with `Content-Encoding: gzip` request header.
This allows reducing the required network bandwidth for metrics push. The compression can be disabled by passing `-pushmetrics.disableCompression` command-line flag.
*`-pushmetrics.extraLabel` - labels to add to all the metrics before sending them to every `-pushmetrics.url`. Each label must be specified in the format `label="value"`.
*`-pushmetrics.header` - an optional HTTP header to send to every `-pushmetrics.url`. For example, `-pushmetrics.header='Authorization: Basic foo'` instructs to send
`Authorization: Basic foo` HTTP header with every request to every `-pushmetrics.url`. It is possible to set multiple `-pushmetrics.header` command-line flags
for sending multiple different HTTP headers to `-pushmetrics.url`.
For example, the following command instructs VictoriaMetrics to push metrics from `/metrics` page to `https://maas.victoriametrics.com/api/v1/import/prometheus`
with `user:pass` [Basic auth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication). The `instance="foobar"` and `job="vm"` labels
are added to all the metrics before sending them to the remote storage:
It is also possible removing [rollup result cache](#rollup-result-cache) on startup by passing `-search.resetRollupResultCacheOnStartup` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics.
## Rollup result cache
VictoriaMetrics caches query reponses by default. This allows increasing performance for repated queries
to [`/api/v1/query`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query) and [`/api/v1/query_range`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query)
with the increasing `time`, `start` and `end` query args.
This cache may work incorrectly when ingesting historical data into VictoriaMetrics. See [these docs](#backfilling) for details.
The rollup cache can be disabled either globally by running VictoriaMetrics with `-search.disableCache` command-line flag
or on a per-query basis by passing `nocache=1` query arg to `/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query_range`.
An alternative solution is to query [/internal/resetRollupResultCache](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples.html#internalresetrollupresultcache)
after the backfilling is complete. This will reset the [query cache](#rollup-result-cache), which could contain incomplete data cached during the backfilling.
Storage-level replication may be offloaded to durable persistent storage such as [Google Cloud disks](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks#pdspecs).
Enterprise binaries can be downloaded and evaluated for free from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
* [Prometheus Oauth proxy](https://gitlab.com/optima_public/prometheus_oauth_proxy) - see [this article](https://medium.com/@richard.holly/powerful-saas-solution-for-detection-metrics-c67b9208d362) for details.
[Zip](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/VM_logo.zip) contains three folders with different image orientations (main color and inverted version).
The number of cache misses before putting the block into cache. Higher values may reduce indexdb/dataBlocks cache size at the cost of higher CPU and disk read usage (default 2)
Items are removed from in-memory caches after they aren't accessed for this duration. Lower values may reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See also -prevCacheRemovalPercent (default 30m0s)
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -configAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -configAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -configAuthKey=http://host/path or -configAuthKey=https://host/path
Trim timestamps when importing csv data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
Sanitize metric names for the ingested DataDog data to comply with DataDog behaviour described at https://docs.datadoghq.com/metrics/custom_metrics/#naming-custom-metrics (default true)
Leave only the last sample in every time series per each discrete interval equal to -dedup.minScrapeInterval > 0. See also -streamAggr.dedupInterval and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#deduplication
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -deleteAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -deleteAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -deleteAuthKey=http://host/path or -deleteAuthKey=https://host/path
Whether to deny queries outside the configured -retentionPeriod. When set, then /api/v1/query_range would return '503 Service Unavailable' error for queries with 'from' value outside -retentionPeriod. This may be useful when multiple data sources with distinct retentions are hidden behind query-tee
Comma-separated downsampling periods in the format 'offset:period'. For example, '30d:10m' instructs to leave a single sample per 10 minutes for samples older than 30 days. When setting multiple downsampling periods, it is necessary for the periods to be multiples of each other. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#downsampling for details. This flag is available only in VictoriaMetrics enterprise. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html
Whether to check config files without running VictoriaMetrics. The following config files are checked: -promscrape.config, -relabelConfig and -streamAggr.config. Unknown config entries aren't allowed in -promscrape.config by default. This can be changed with -promscrape.config.strictParse=false command-line flag
Whether to enable reading flags from environment variables in addition to the command line. Command line flag values have priority over values from environment vars. Flags are read only from the command line if this flag isn't set. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#environment-variables for more details
Deprecated, please use -license or -licenseFile flags instead. By specifying this flag, you confirm that you have an enterprise license and accept the ESA https://victoriametrics.com/legal/esa/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html
Whether to disable fadvise() syscall when reading large data files. The fadvise() syscall prevents from eviction of recently accessed data from OS page cache during background merges and backups. In some rare cases it is better to disable the syscall if it uses too much CPU
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -flagsAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -flagsAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -flagsAuthKey=http://host/path or -flagsAuthKey=https://host/path
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -forceFlushAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -forceFlushAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -forceFlushAuthKey=http://host/path or -forceFlushAuthKey=https://host/path
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -forceMergeAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -forceMergeAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -forceMergeAuthKey=http://host/path or -forceMergeAuthKey=https://host/path
Whether to use pread() instead of mmap() for reading data files. By default, mmap() is used for 64-bit arches and pread() is used for 32-bit arches, since they cannot read data files bigger than 2^32 bytes in memory. mmap() is usually faster for reading small data chunks than pread()
TCP and UDP address to listen for Graphite plaintext data. Usually :2003 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -graphiteListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
-graphiteListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -graphiteListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
Trim timestamps for Graphite data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1s. Higher duration (i.e. 1m) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1s)
Incoming connections to -httpListenAddr are closed after the configured timeout. This may help evenly spreading load among a cluster of services behind TCP-level load balancer. Zero value disables closing of incoming connections (default 2m0s)
The maximum duration for a graceful shutdown of the HTTP server. A highly loaded server may require increased value for a graceful shutdown (default 7s)
An optional prefix to add to all the paths handled by http server. For example, if '-http.pathPrefix=/foo/bar' is set, then all the http requests will be handled on '/foo/bar/*' paths. This may be useful for proxied requests. See https://www.robustperception.io/using-external-urls-and-proxies-with-prometheus
Optional delay before http server shutdown. During this delay, the server returns non-OK responses from /health page, so load balancers can route new requests to other servers
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -httpAuth.password=file:///abs/path/to/file or -httpAuth.password=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -httpAuth.password=http://host/path or -httpAuth.password=https://host/path
TCP addresses to listen for incoming http requests. See also -tls and -httpListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
-httpListenAddr.useProxyProtocol array
Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at the corresponding -httpListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt . With enabled proxy protocol http server cannot serve regular /metrics endpoint. Use -pushmetrics.url for metrics pushing
Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
The maximum length in bytes of a single line accepted by /api/v1/import; the line length can be limited with 'max_rows_per_line' query arg passed to /api/v1/export
Comma-separated list of database names to return from /query and /influx/query API. This can be needed for accepting data from Telegraf plugins such as https://github.com/fangli/fluent-plugin-influxdb
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
TCP and UDP address to listen for InfluxDB line protocol data. Usually :8089 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. This flag isn't needed when ingesting data over HTTP - just send it to http://<victoriametrics>:8428/write . See also -influxListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
-influxListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -influxListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
Trim timestamps for InfluxDB line protocol data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
The interval for guaranteed saving of in-memory data to disk. The saved data survives unclean shutdowns such as OOM crash, hardware reset, SIGKILL, etc. Bigger intervals may help increase the lifetime of flash storage with limited write cycles (e.g. Raspberry PI). Smaller intervals increase disk IO load. Minimum supported value is 1s (default 5s)
The expiry duration for caches for interned strings. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringMaxLen and -internStringDisableCache (default 6m0s)
Whether to disable caches for interned strings. This may reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringCacheExpireDuration and -internStringMaxLen
The maximum length for strings to intern. A lower limit may save memory at the cost of higher CPU usage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringDisableCache and -internStringCacheExpireDuration (default 500)
Lisense key for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise. See https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/ . Trial Enterprise license can be obtained from https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. The license key can be also passed via file specified by -licenseFile command-line flag
Whether to enable offline verification for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise license key, which has been passed either via -license or via -licenseFile command-line flag. The issued license key must support offline verification feature. Contact info@victoriametrics.com if you need offline license verification. This flag is avilable only in Enterprise binaries
Path to file with license key for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise. See https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/ . Trial Enterprise license can be obtained from https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. The license key can be also passed inline via -license command-line flag
Whether to log new series. This option is for debug purposes only. It can lead to performance issues when big number of new series are ingested into VictoriaMetrics
Per-second limit on the number of ERROR messages. If more than the given number of errors are emitted per second, the remaining errors are suppressed. Zero values disable the rate limit
The maximum length of a single logged argument. Longer arguments are replaced with 'arg_start..arg_end', where 'arg_start' and 'arg_end' is prefix and suffix of the arg with the length not exceeding -loggerMaxArgLen / 2 (default 1000)
Timezone to use for timestamps in logs. Timezone must be a valid IANA Time Zone. For example: America/New_York, Europe/Berlin, Etc/GMT+3 or Local (default "UTC")
Per-second limit on the number of WARN messages. If more than the given number of warns are emitted per second, then the remaining warns are suppressed. Zero values disable the rate limit
The maximum number of concurrent insert requests. Default value depends on the number of CPU cores and should work for most cases since it minimizes the memory usage. The default value can be increased when clients send data over slow networks. See also -insert.maxQueueDuration
The maximum length of label values in the accepted time series. Longer label values are truncated. In this case the vm_too_long_label_values_total metric at /metrics page is incremented (default 16384)
The maximum number of labels accepted per time series. Superfluous labels are dropped. In this case the vm_metrics_with_dropped_labels_total metric at /metrics page is incremented (default 30)
Allowed size of system memory VictoriaMetrics caches may occupy. This option overrides -memory.allowedPercent if set to a non-zero value. Too low a value may increase the cache miss rate usually resulting in higher CPU and disk IO usage. Too high a value may evict too much data from the OS page cache resulting in higher disk IO usage
Allowed percent of system memory VictoriaMetrics caches may occupy. See also -memory.allowedBytes. Too low a value may increase cache miss rate usually resulting in higher CPU and disk IO usage. Too high a value may evict too much data from the OS page cache which will result in higher disk IO usage (default 60)
Whether to expose TYPE and HELP metadata at the /metrics page, which is exposed at -httpListenAddr . The metadata may be needed when the /metrics page is consumed by systems, which require this information. For example, Managed Prometheus in Google Cloud - https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/docs/managed-prometheus/troubleshooting#missing-metric-type
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -metricsAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -metricsAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -metricsAuthKey=http://host/path or -metricsAuthKey=https://host/path
Whether to require valid client certificate for https requests to the corresponding -httpListenAddr . This flag works only if -tls flag is set. See also -mtlsCAFile . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html
Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Empty values are set to false.
-mtlsCAFile array
Optional path to TLS Root CA for verifying client certificates at the corresponding -httpListenAddr when -mtls is enabled. By default the host system TLS Root CA is used for client certificate verification. This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
TCP address to listen for OpenTSDB HTTP put requests. Usually :4242 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
TCP and UDP address to listen for OpenTSDB metrics. Telnet put messages and HTTP /api/put messages are simultaneously served on TCP port. Usually :4242 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -opentsdbListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
Trim timestamps for OpenTSDB 'telnet put' data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1s. Higher duration (i.e. 1m) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1s)
Trim timestamps for OpenTSDB HTTP data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -pprofAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -pprofAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -pprofAuthKey=http://host/path or -pprofAuthKey=https://host/path
Items in the previous caches are removed when the percent of requests it serves becomes lower than this value. Higher values reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See also -cacheExpireDuration (default 0.1)
Interval for checking for changes in Azure. This works only if azure_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#azure_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
If non-empty, then the label with this name and the -promscrape.cluster.memberNum value is added to all the scraped metrics. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info
The number of vmagent instance in the cluster of scrapers. It must be a unique value in the range 0 ... promscrape.cluster.membersCount-1 across scrapers in the cluster. Can be specified as pod name of Kubernetes StatefulSet - pod-name-Num, where Num is a numeric part of pod name. See also -promscrape.cluster.memberLabel . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default "0")
An optional template for URL to access vmagent instance with the given -promscrape.cluster.memberNum value. Every %d occurrence in the template is substituted with -promscrape.cluster.memberNum at urls to vmagent instances responsible for scraping the given target at /service-discovery page. For example -promscrape.cluster.memberURLTemplate='http://vmagent-%d:8429/targets'. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more details
The number of members in a cluster of scrapers. Each member must have a unique -promscrape.cluster.memberNum in the range 0 ... promscrape.cluster.membersCount-1 . Each member then scrapes roughly 1/N of all the targets. By default, cluster scraping is disabled, i.e. a single scraper scrapes all the targets. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default 1)
Optional name of the cluster. If multiple vmagent clusters scrape the same targets, then each cluster must have unique name in order to properly de-duplicate samples received from these clusters. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info
The number of members in the cluster, which scrape the same targets. If the replication factor is greater than 1, then the deduplication must be enabled at remote storage side. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default 1)
Optional path to Prometheus config file with 'scrape_configs' section containing targets to scrape. The path can point to local file and to http url. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter for details
Checks -promscrape.config file for errors and unsupported fields and then exits. Returns non-zero exit code on parsing errors and emits these errors to stderr. See also -promscrape.config.strictParse command-line flag. Pass -loggerLevel=ERROR if you don't need to see info messages in the output.
Interval for checking for changes in -promscrape.config file. By default, the checking is disabled. See how to reload -promscrape.config file at https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#configuration-update
Interval for checking for changes in Consul. This works only if consul_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#consul_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in Consul Agent. This works only if consulagent_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#consulagent_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in digital ocean. This works only if digitalocean_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#digitalocean_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
Whether to disable sending 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' request headers to all the scrape targets. This may reduce CPU usage on scrape targets at the cost of higher network bandwidth utilization. It is possible to set 'disable_compression: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control
Whether to disable HTTP keep-alive connections when scraping all the targets. This may be useful when targets has no support for HTTP keep-alive connection. It is possible to set 'disable_keepalive: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control. Note that disabling HTTP keep-alive may increase load on both vmagent and scrape targets
The maximum duration for waiting to perform API requests if more than -promscrape.discovery.concurrency requests are simultaneously performed (default 1m0s)
Interval for checking for changes in dns. This works only if dns_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#dns_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in docker. This works only if docker_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#docker_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in dockerswarm. This works only if dockerswarm_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#dockerswarm_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Whether to drop original labels for scrape targets at /targets and /api/v1/targets pages. This may be needed for reducing memory usage when original labels for big number of scrape targets occupy big amounts of memory. Note that this reduces debuggability for improper per-target relabeling configs
Interval for checking for changes in ec2. This works only if ec2_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#ec2_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
Interval for checking for changes in eureka. This works only if eureka_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#eureka_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in gce. This works only if gce_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#gce_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
Interval for checking for changes in Hetzner API. This works only if hetzner_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#hetzner_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
Interval for checking for changes in http endpoint service discovery. This works only if http_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#http_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
Whether to set attach_metadata.node=true for all the kubernetes_sd_configs at -promscrape.config . It is possible to set attach_metadata.node=false individually per each kubernetes_sd_configs . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#kubernetes_sd_configs
Interval for checking for changes in Kubernetes API server. This works only if kubernetes_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#kubernetes_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in kuma service discovery. This works only if kuma_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#kuma_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
The maximum number of droppedTargets to show at /api/v1/targets page. Increase this value if your setup drops more scrape targets during relabeling and you need investigating labels for all the dropped targets. Note that the increased number of tracked dropped targets may result in increased memory usage (default 1000)
The minimum target response size for automatic switching to stream parsing mode, which can reduce memory usage. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#stream-parsing-mode
Whether to disable sending Prometheus stale markers for metrics when scrape target disappears. This option may reduce memory usage if stale markers aren't needed for your setup. This option also disables populating the scrape_series_added metric. See https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/jobs_instances/#automatically-generated-labels-and-time-series
Wait time used by Nomad service discovery. Default value is used if not set
-promscrape.nomadSDCheckInterval duration
Interval for checking for changes in Nomad. This works only if nomad_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#nomad_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Interval for checking for changes in openstack API server. This works only if openstack_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#openstack_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Optional limit on the number of unique time series a single scrape target can expose. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent.html#cardinality-limiter for more info
Whether to enable stream parsing for metrics obtained from scrape targets. This may be useful for reducing memory usage when millions of metrics are exposed per each scrape target. It is possible to set 'stream_parse: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control
Whether to suppress scrape errors logging. The last error for each target is always available at '/targets' page even if scrape errors logging is suppressed. See also -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrorsDelay
-promscrape.suppressScrapeErrorsDelay duration
The delay for suppressing repeated scrape errors logging per each scrape targets. This may be used for reducing the number of log lines related to scrape errors. See also -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrors
Interval for checking for changes in Yandex Cloud API. This works only if yandexcloud_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs.html#yandexcloud_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
Optional labels to add to metrics pushed to every -pushmetrics.url . For example, -pushmetrics.extraLabel='instance="foo"' adds instance="foo" label to all the metrics pushed to every -pushmetrics.url
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Optional HTTP request header to send to every -pushmetrics.url . For example, -pushmetrics.header='Authorization: Basic foobar' adds 'Authorization: Basic foobar' header to every request to every -pushmetrics.url
Optional URL to push metrics exposed at /metrics page. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#push-metrics . By default, metrics exposed at /metrics page aren't pushed to any remote storage
Optional path to a file with relabeling rules, which are applied to all the ingested metrics. The path can point either to local file or to http url. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#relabeling for details. The config is reloaded on SIGHUP signal
Auth key for /-/reload http endpoint. It must be passed as authKey=...
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -reloadAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -reloadAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -reloadAuthKey=http://host/path or -reloadAuthKey=https://host/path
Retention filter in the format 'filter:retention'. For example, '{env="dev"}:3d' configures the retention for time series with env="dev" label to 3 days. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#retention-filters for details. This flag is available only in VictoriaMetrics enterprise. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html
The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 1)
The offset for performing indexdb rotation. If set to 0, then the indexdb rotation is performed at 4am UTC time per each -retentionPeriod. If set to 2h, then the indexdb rotation is performed at 4am EET time (the timezone with +2h offset)
The maximum duration since the current time for response data, which is always queried from the original raw data, without using the response cache. Increase this value if you see gaps in responses due to time synchronization issues between VictoriaMetrics and data sources. See also -search.disableAutoCacheReset (default 5m0s)
Whether to disable response caching. This may be useful when ingesting historical data. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#backfilling . See also -search.resetRollupResultCacheOnStartup
The interval between datapoints stored in the database. It is used at Graphite Render API handler for normalizing the interval between datapoints in case it isn't normalized. It can be overridden by sending 'storage_step' query arg to /render API or by sending the desired interval via 'Storage-Step' http header during querying /render API (default 10s)
Whether to ignore match[], extra_filters[] and extra_label query args at /api/v1/labels and /api/v1/label/.../values . This may be useful for decreasing load on VictoriaMetrics when extra filters match too many time series. The downside is that suprflouos labels or series could be returned, which do not match the extra filters. See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration
The time when data points become visible in query results after the collection. It can be overridden on per-query basis via latency_offset arg. Too small value can result in incomplete last points for query results (default 30s)
Log query and increment vm_memory_intensive_queries_total metric each time the query requires more memory than specified by this flag. This may help detecting and optimizing heavy queries. Query logging is disabled by default. See also -search.logSlowQueryDuration and -search.maxMemoryPerQuery
The maximum number of concurrent search requests. It shouldn't be high, since a single request can saturate all the CPU cores, while many concurrently executed requests may require high amounts of memory. See also -search.maxQueueDuration and -search.maxMemoryPerQuery (default 16)
The maximum number of time series, which can be scanned during queries to Graphite Render API. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-render-api-usage (default 300000)
The maximum number of tag keys returned from Graphite API, which returns tags. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-tags-api-usage (default 100000)
The maximum number of tag values returned from Graphite API, which returns tag values. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-tags-api-usage (default 100000)
The maximum duration for /api/v1/labels, /api/v1/label/.../values and /api/v1/series requests. See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI (default 5s)
The maximum number of time series, which could be scanned when searching for the the matching time series at /api/v1/labels and /api/v1/label/.../values. This option allows limiting memory usage and CPU usage. See also -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration, -search.maxTagKeys, -search.maxTagValues and -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI (default 1000000)
Synonym to -search.lookback-delta from Prometheus. The value is dynamically detected from interval between time series datapoints if not set. It can be overridden on per-query basis via max_lookback arg. See also '-search.maxStalenessInterval' flag, which has the same meaning due to historical reasons
The maximum amounts of memory a single query may consume. Queries requiring more memory are rejected. The total memory limit for concurrently executed queries can be estimated as -search.maxMemoryPerQuery multiplied by -search.maxConcurrentRequests . See also -search.logQueryMemoryUsage
The maximum points per a single timeseries returned from /api/v1/query_range. This option doesn't limit the number of scanned raw samples in the database. The main purpose of this option is to limit the number of per-series points returned to graphing UI such as VMUI or Grafana. There is no sense in setting this limit to values bigger than the horizontal resolution of the graph. See also -search.maxResponseSeries (default 30000)
The maximum number of points per series, which can be generated by subquery. See https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-subqueries-in-victoriametrics-9b1492b720b3 (default 100000)
The maximum number of time series which can be returned from /api/v1/query and /api/v1/query_range . The limit is disabled if it equals to 0. See also -search.maxPointsPerTimeseries and -search.maxUniqueTimeseries
The maximum number of raw samples a single query can process across all time series. This protects from heavy queries, which select unexpectedly high number of raw samples. See also -search.maxSamplesPerSeries (default 1000000000)
The maximum interval for staleness calculations. By default, it is automatically calculated from the median interval between samples. This flag could be useful for tuning Prometheus data model closer to Influx-style data model. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#staleness for details. See also '-search.setLookbackToStep' flag
The maximum step when /api/v1/query_range handler adjusts points with timestamps closer than -search.latencyOffset to the current time. The adjustment is needed because such points may contain incomplete data (default 1m0s)
The maximum number of time series, which can be processed during the call to /api/v1/status/tsdb. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 10000000)
The maximum number of tag values returned from /api/v1/label/<label_name>/values . See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration (default 100000)
The maximum number of unique time series, which can be selected during /api/v1/query and /api/v1/query_range queries. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 300000)
The maximum number of CPU cores a single query can use. The default value should work good for most cases. The flag can be set to lower values for improving performance of big number of concurrently executed queries. The flag can be set to bigger values for improving performance of heavy queries, which scan big number of time series (>10K) and/or big number of samples (>100M). There is no sense in setting this flag to values bigger than the number of CPU cores available on the system (default 16)
The minimum interval for staleness calculations. This flag could be useful for removing gaps on graphs generated from time series with irregular intervals between samples. See also '-search.maxStalenessInterval'
-search.minWindowForInstantRollupOptimization value
Enable cache-based optimization for repeated queries to /api/v1/query (aka instant queries), which contain rollup functions with lookbehind window exceeding the given value
The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 3h)
Set this flag to true if the database doesn't contain Prometheus stale markers, so there is no need in spending additional CPU time on its handling. Staleness markers may exist only in data obtained from Prometheus scrape targets
The minimum duration for queries to track in query stats at /api/v1/status/top_queries. Queries with lower duration are ignored in query stats (default 1ms)
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -search.resetCacheAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -search.resetCacheAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -search.resetCacheAuthKey=http://host/path or -search.resetCacheAuthKey=https://host/path
Whether to fix lookback interval to 'step' query arg value. If set to true, the query model becomes closer to InfluxDB data model. If set to true, then -search.maxLookback and -search.maxStalenessInterval are ignored
Whether to treat dots as is in regexp label filters used in queries. For example, foo{bar=~"a.b.c"} will be automatically converted to foo{bar=~"a\\.b\\.c"}, i.e. all the dots in regexp filters will be automatically escaped in order to match only dot char instead of matching any char. Dots in ".+", ".*" and ".{n}" regexps aren't escaped. This option is DEPRECATED in favor of {__graphite__="a.*.c"} syntax for selecting metrics matching the given Graphite metrics filter
Flag value can be read from the given file when using -snapshotAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -snapshotAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -snapshotAuthKey=http://host/path or -snapshotAuthKey=https://host/path
Automatically delete snapshots older than -snapshotsMaxAge if it is set to non-zero duration. Make sure that backup process has enough time to finish the backup before the corresponding snapshot is automatically deleted
The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 0)
Whether to sort labels for incoming samples before writing them to storage. This may be needed for reducing memory usage at storage when the order of labels in incoming samples is random. For example, if m{k1="v1",k2="v2"} may be sent as m{k2="v2",k1="v1"}. Enabled sorting for labels can slow down ingestion performance a bit
The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last 24 hours. Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series churn rate. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-limiter . See also -storage.maxHourlySeries
The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last hour. Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series cardinality. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-limiter . See also -storage.maxDailySeries
Optional path to file with stream aggregation config. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html . See also -streamAggr.keepInput, -streamAggr.dropInput and -streamAggr.dedupInterval
Input samples are de-duplicated with this interval before optional aggregation with -streamAggr.config . See also -streamAggr.dropInputLabels and -dedup.minScrapeInterval and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html#deduplication
Whether to drop all the input samples after the aggregation with -streamAggr.config. By default, only aggregated samples are dropped, while the remaining samples are stored in the database. See also -streamAggr.keepInput and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html
An optional list of labels to drop from samples before stream de-duplication and aggregation . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html#dropping-unneeded-labels
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
Whether to keep all the input samples after the aggregation with -streamAggr.config. By default, only aggregated samples are dropped, while the remaining samples are stored in the database. See also -streamAggr.dropInput and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation.html
Whether to enable TLS for incoming HTTP requests at the given -httpListenAddr (aka https). -tlsCertFile and -tlsKeyFile must be set if -tls is set. See also -mtls
Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Empty values are set to false.
-tlsCertFile array
Path to file with TLS certificate for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. Prefer ECDSA certs instead of RSA certs as RSA certs are slower. The provided certificate file is automatically re-read every second, so it can be dynamically updated
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
Optional list of TLS cipher suites for incoming requests over HTTPS if -tls is set. See the list of supported cipher suites at https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/tls#pkg-constants
Path to file with TLS key for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. The provided key file is automatically re-read every second, so it can be dynamically updated
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
-tlsMinVersion array
Optional minimum TLS version to use for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. Supported values: TLS10, TLS11, TLS12, TLS13
Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
Whether to replace characters unsupported by Prometheus with underscores in the ingested metric names and label names. For example, foo.bar{a.b='c'} is transformed into foo_bar{a_b='c'} during data ingestion if this flag is set. See https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/#metric-names-and-labels
Optional URL for proxying requests to vmalert. For example, if -vmalert.proxyURL=http://vmalert:8880 , then alerting API requests such as /api/v1/rules from Grafana will be proxied to http://vmalert:8880/api/v1/rules
