VictoriaMetrics/vendor/honnef.co/go/tools/unused/unused.go

package unused

import (
	"fmt"
	"go/ast"
	"go/token"
	"go/types"
	"io"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"

	"golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis"
	"honnef.co/go/tools/code"
	"honnef.co/go/tools/go/types/typeutil"
	"honnef.co/go/tools/internal/passes/buildir"
	"honnef.co/go/tools/ir"
	"honnef.co/go/tools/lint"
)

// The graph we construct omits nodes along a path that do not
// contribute any new information to the solution. For example, the
// full graph for a function with a receiver would be Func ->
// Signature -> Var -> Type. However, since signatures cannot be
// unused, and receivers are always considered used, we can compact
// the graph down to Func -> Type. This makes the graph smaller, but
// harder to debug.

// TODO(dh): conversions between structs mark fields as used, but the
// conversion itself isn't part of that subgraph. even if the function
// containing the conversion is unused, the fields will be marked as
// used.

// TODO(dh): we cannot observe function calls in assembly files.

/*

- packages use:
  - (1.1) exported named types (unless in package main)
  - (1.2) exported functions (unless in package main)
  - (1.3) exported variables (unless in package main)
  - (1.4) exported constants (unless in package main)
  - (1.5) init functions
  - (1.6) functions exported to cgo
  - (1.7) the main function iff in the main package
  - (1.8) symbols linked via go:linkname

- named types use:
  - (2.1) exported methods
  - (2.2) the type they're based on
  - (2.3) all their aliases. we can't easily track uses of aliases
    because go/types turns them into uses of the aliased types. assume
    that if a type is used, so are all of its aliases.
  - (2.4) the pointer type. this aids with eagerly implementing
    interfaces. if a method that implements an interface is defined on
    a pointer receiver, and the pointer type is never used, but the
    named type is, then we still want to mark the method as used.

- variables and constants use:
  - their types

- functions use:
  - (4.1) all their arguments, return parameters and receivers
  - (4.2) anonymous functions defined beneath them
  - (4.3) closures and bound methods.
    this implements a simplified model where a function is used merely by being referenced, even if it is never called.
    that way we don't have to keep track of closures escaping functions.
  - (4.4) functions they return. we assume that someone else will call the returned function
  - (4.5) functions/interface methods they call
  - types they instantiate or convert to
  - (4.7) fields they access
  - (4.8) types of all instructions
  - (4.9) package-level variables they assign to iff in tests (sinks for benchmarks)

- conversions use:
  - (5.1) when converting between two equivalent structs, the fields in
    either struct use each other. the fields are relevant for the
    conversion, but only if the fields are also accessed outside the
    conversion.
  - (5.2) when converting to or from unsafe.Pointer, mark all fields as used.

- structs use:
  - (6.1) fields of type NoCopy sentinel
  - (6.2) exported fields
  - (6.3) embedded fields that help implement interfaces (either fully implements it, or contributes required methods) (recursively)
  - (6.4) embedded fields that have exported methods (recursively)
  - (6.5) embedded structs that have exported fields (recursively)

- (7.1) field accesses use fields
- (7.2) fields use their types

- (8.0) How we handle interfaces:
  - (8.1) We do not technically care about interfaces that only consist of
    exported methods. Exported methods on concrete types are always
    marked as used.
  - Any concrete type implements all known interfaces. Even if it isn't
    assigned to any interfaces in our code, the user may receive a value
    of the type and expect to pass it back to us through an interface.

    Concrete types use their methods that implement interfaces. If the
    type is used, it uses those methods. Otherwise, it doesn't. This
    way, types aren't incorrectly marked reachable through the edge
    from method to type.

  - (8.3) All interface methods are marked as used, even if they never get
    called. This is to accommodate sum types (unexported interface
    method that must exist but never gets called.)

  - (8.4) All embedded interfaces are marked as used. This is an
    extension of 8.3, but we have to explicitly track embedded
    interfaces because in a chain C->B->A, B wouldn't be marked as
    used by 8.3 just because it contributes A's methods to C.

- Inherent uses:
  - thunks and other generated wrappers call the real function
  - (9.2) variables use their types
  - (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
  - (9.4) conversions use the type they convert to
  - (9.5) instructions use their operands
  - (9.6) instructions use their operands' types
  - (9.7) variable _reads_ use variables, writes do not, except in tests
  - (9.8) runtime functions that may be called from user code via the compiler


- const groups:
  (10.1) if one constant out of a block of constants is used, mark all
  of them used. a lot of the time, unused constants exist for the sake
  of completeness. See also
  https://github.com/dominikh/go-tools/issues/365


- (11.1) anonymous struct types use all their fields. we cannot
  deduplicate struct types, as that leads to order-dependent
  reportings. we can't not deduplicate struct types while still
  tracking fields, because then each instance of the unnamed type in
  the data flow chain will get its own fields, causing false
  positives. Thus, we only accurately track fields of named struct
  types, and assume that unnamed struct types use all their fields.


- Differences in whole program mode:
  - (e2) types aim to implement all exported interfaces from all packages
  - (e3) exported identifiers aren't automatically used. for fields and
    methods this poses extra issues due to reflection. We assume
    that all exported fields are used. We also maintain a list of
    known reflection-based method callers.

*/

func assert(b bool) {
	if !b {
		panic("failed assertion")
	}
}

func typString(obj types.Object) string {
	switch obj := obj.(type) {
	case *types.Func:
		return "func"
	case *types.Var:
		if obj.IsField() {
			return "field"
		}
		return "var"
	case *types.Const:
		return "const"
	case *types.TypeName:
		return "type"
	default:
		return "identifier"
	}
}

// /usr/lib/go/src/runtime/proc.go:433:6: func badmorestackg0 is unused (U1000)

// Functions defined in the Go runtime that may be called through
// compiler magic or via assembly.
var runtimeFuncs = map[string]bool{
	// The first part of the list is copied from
	// cmd/compile/internal/gc/builtin.go, var runtimeDecls
	"newobject":            true,
	"panicindex":           true,
	"panicslice":           true,
	"panicdivide":          true,
	"panicmakeslicelen":    true,
	"throwinit":            true,
	"panicwrap":            true,
	"gopanic":              true,
	"gorecover":            true,
	"goschedguarded":       true,
	"printbool":            true,
	"printfloat":           true,
	"printint":             true,
	"printhex":             true,
	"printuint":            true,
	"printcomplex":         true,
	"printstring":          true,
	"printpointer":         true,
	"printiface":           true,
	"printeface":           true,
	"printslice":           true,
	"printnl":              true,
	"printsp":              true,
	"printlock":            true,
	"printunlock":          true,
	"concatstring2":        true,
	"concatstring3":        true,
	"concatstring4":        true,
	"concatstring5":        true,
	"concatstrings":        true,
	"cmpstring":            true,
	"intstring":            true,
	"slicebytetostring":    true,
	"slicebytetostringtmp": true,
	"slicerunetostring":    true,
	"stringtoslicebyte":    true,
	"stringtoslicerune":    true,
	"slicecopy":            true,
	"slicestringcopy":      true,
	"decoderune":           true,
	"countrunes":           true,
	"convI2I":              true,
	"convT16":              true,
	"convT32":              true,
	"convT64":              true,
	"convTstring":          true,
	"convTslice":           true,
	"convT2E":              true,
	"convT2Enoptr":         true,
	"convT2I":              true,
	"convT2Inoptr":         true,
	"assertE2I":            true,
	"assertE2I2":           true,
	"assertI2I":            true,
	"assertI2I2":           true,
	"panicdottypeE":        true,
	"panicdottypeI":        true,
	"panicnildottype":      true,
	"ifaceeq":              true,
	"efaceeq":              true,
	"fastrand":             true,
	"makemap64":            true,
	"makemap":              true,
	"makemap_small":        true,
	"mapaccess1":           true,
	"mapaccess1_fast32":    true,
	"mapaccess1_fast64":    true,
	"mapaccess1_faststr":   true,
	"mapaccess1_fat":       true,
	"mapaccess2":           true,
	"mapaccess2_fast32":    true,
	"mapaccess2_fast64":    true,
	"mapaccess2_faststr":   true,
	"mapaccess2_fat":       true,
	"mapassign":            true,
	"mapassign_fast32":     true,
	"mapassign_fast32ptr":  true,
	"mapassign_fast64":     true,
	"mapassign_fast64ptr":  true,
	"mapassign_faststr":    true,
	"mapiterinit":          true,
	"mapdelete":            true,
	"mapdelete_fast32":     true,
	"mapdelete_fast64":     true,
	"mapdelete_faststr":    true,
	"mapiternext":          true,
	"mapclear":             true,
	"makechan64":           true,
	"makechan":             true,
	"chanrecv1":            true,
	"chanrecv2":            true,
	"chansend1":            true,
	"closechan":            true,
	"writeBarrier":         true,
	"typedmemmove":         true,
	"typedmemclr":          true,
	"typedslicecopy":       true,
	"selectnbsend":         true,
	"selectnbrecv":         true,
	"selectnbrecv2":        true,
	"selectsetpc":          true,
	"selectgo":             true,
	"block":                true,
	"makeslice":            true,
	"makeslice64":          true,
	"growslice":            true,
	"memmove":              true,
	"memclrNoHeapPointers": true,
	"memclrHasPointers":    true,
	"memequal":             true,
	"memequal8":            true,
	"memequal16":           true,
	"memequal32":           true,
	"memequal64":           true,
	"memequal128":          true,
	"int64div":             true,
	"uint64div":            true,
	"int64mod":             true,
	"uint64mod":            true,
	"float64toint64":       true,
	"float64touint64":      true,
	"float64touint32":      true,
	"int64tofloat64":       true,
	"uint64tofloat64":      true,
	"uint32tofloat64":      true,
	"complex128div":        true,
	"racefuncenter":        true,
	"racefuncenterfp":      true,
	"racefuncexit":         true,
	"raceread":             true,
	"racewrite":            true,
	"racereadrange":        true,
	"racewriterange":       true,
	"msanread":             true,
	"msanwrite":            true,
	"x86HasPOPCNT":         true,
	"x86HasSSE41":          true,
	"arm64HasATOMICS":      true,

	// The second part of the list is extracted from assembly code in
	// the standard library, with the exception of the runtime package itself
	"abort":                 true,
	"aeshashbody":           true,
	"args":                  true,
	"asminit":               true,
	"badctxt":               true,
	"badmcall2":             true,
	"badmcall":              true,
	"badmorestackg0":        true,
	"badmorestackgsignal":   true,
	"badsignal2":            true,
	"callbackasm1":          true,
	"callCfunction":         true,
	"cgocallback_gofunc":    true,
	"cgocallbackg":          true,
	"checkgoarm":            true,
	"check":                 true,
	"debugCallCheck":        true,
	"debugCallWrap":         true,
	"emptyfunc":             true,
	"entersyscall":          true,
	"exit":                  true,
	"exits":                 true,
	"exitsyscall":           true,
	"externalthreadhandler": true,
	"findnull":              true,
	"goexit1":               true,
	"gostring":              true,
	"i386_set_ldt":          true,
	"_initcgo":              true,
	"init_thread_tls":       true,
	"ldt0setup":             true,
	"libpreinit":            true,
	"load_g":                true,
	"morestack":             true,
	"mstart":                true,
	"nacl_sysinfo":          true,
	"nanotimeQPC":           true,
	"nanotime":              true,
	"newosproc0":            true,
	"newproc":               true,
	"newstack":              true,
	"noted":                 true,
	"nowQPC":                true,
	"osinit":                true,
	"printf":                true,
	"racecallback":          true,
	"reflectcallmove":       true,
	"reginit":               true,
	"rt0_go":                true,
	"save_g":                true,
	"schedinit":             true,
	"setldt":                true,
	"settls":                true,
	"sighandler":            true,
	"sigprofNonGo":          true,
	"sigtrampgo":            true,
	"_sigtramp":             true,
	"sigtramp":              true,
	"stackcheck":            true,
	"syscall_chdir":         true,
	"syscall_chroot":        true,
	"syscall_close":         true,
	"syscall_dup2":          true,
	"syscall_execve":        true,
	"syscall_exit":          true,
	"syscall_fcntl":         true,
	"syscall_forkx":         true,
	"syscall_gethostname":   true,
	"syscall_getpid":        true,
	"syscall_ioctl":         true,
	"syscall_pipe":          true,
	"syscall_rawsyscall6":   true,
	"syscall_rawSyscall6":   true,
	"syscall_rawsyscall":    true,
	"syscall_RawSyscall":    true,
	"syscall_rawsysvicall6": true,
	"syscall_setgid":        true,
	"syscall_setgroups":     true,
	"syscall_setpgid":       true,
	"syscall_setsid":        true,
	"syscall_setuid":        true,
	"syscall_syscall6":      true,
	"syscall_syscall":       true,
	"syscall_Syscall":       true,
	"syscall_sysvicall6":    true,
	"syscall_wait4":         true,
	"syscall_write":         true,
	"traceback":             true,
	"tstart":                true,
	"usplitR0":              true,
	"wbBufFlush":            true,
	"write":                 true,
}

type pkg struct {
	Fset       *token.FileSet
	Files      []*ast.File
	Pkg        *types.Package
	TypesInfo  *types.Info
	TypesSizes types.Sizes
	IR         *ir.Package
	SrcFuncs   []*ir.Function
}

type Checker struct {
	WholeProgram bool
	Debug        io.Writer

	mu              sync.Mutex
	initialPackages map[*types.Package]struct{}
	allPackages     map[*types.Package]struct{}
	graph           *Graph
}

func NewChecker(wholeProgram bool) *Checker {
	return &Checker{
		initialPackages: map[*types.Package]struct{}{},
		allPackages:     map[*types.Package]struct{}{},
		WholeProgram:    wholeProgram,
	}
}

func (c *Checker) Analyzer() *analysis.Analyzer {
	name := "U1000"
	if c.WholeProgram {
		name = "U1001"
	}
	return &analysis.Analyzer{
		Name:     name,
		Doc:      "Unused code",
		Run:      c.Run,
		Requires: []*analysis.Analyzer{buildir.Analyzer},
	}
}

func (c *Checker) Run(pass *analysis.Pass) (interface{}, error) {
	c.mu.Lock()
	if c.graph == nil {
		c.graph = NewGraph()
		c.graph.wholeProgram = c.WholeProgram
		c.graph.fset = pass.Fset
	}

	var visit func(pkg *types.Package)
	visit = func(pkg *types.Package) {
		if _, ok := c.allPackages[pkg]; ok {
			return
		}
		c.allPackages[pkg] = struct{}{}
		for _, imp := range pkg.Imports() {
			visit(imp)
		}
	}
	visit(pass.Pkg)

	c.initialPackages[pass.Pkg] = struct{}{}
	c.mu.Unlock()

	irpkg := pass.ResultOf[buildir.Analyzer].(*buildir.IR)
	pkg := &pkg{
		Fset:       pass.Fset,
		Files:      pass.Files,
		Pkg:        pass.Pkg,
		TypesInfo:  pass.TypesInfo,
		TypesSizes: pass.TypesSizes,
		IR:         irpkg.Pkg,
		SrcFuncs:   irpkg.SrcFuncs,
	}

	c.processPkg(c.graph, pkg)

	return nil, nil
}

func (c *Checker) ProblemObject(fset *token.FileSet, obj types.Object) lint.Problem {
	name := obj.Name()
	if sig, ok := obj.Type().(*types.Signature); ok && sig.Recv() != nil {
		switch sig.Recv().Type().(type) {
		case *types.Named, *types.Pointer:
			typ := types.TypeString(sig.Recv().Type(), func(*types.Package) string { return "" })
			if len(typ) > 0 && typ[0] == '*' {
				name = fmt.Sprintf("(%s).%s", typ, obj.Name())
			} else if len(typ) > 0 {
				name = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", typ, obj.Name())
			}
		}
	}

	checkName := "U1000"
	if c.WholeProgram {
		checkName = "U1001"
	}
	return lint.Problem{
		Pos:     lint.DisplayPosition(fset, obj.Pos()),
		Message: fmt.Sprintf("%s %s is unused", typString(obj), name),
		Check:   checkName,
	}
}

func (c *Checker) Result() []types.Object {
	out := c.results()

	out2 := make([]types.Object, 0, len(out))
	for _, v := range out {
		if _, ok := c.initialPackages[v.Pkg()]; !ok {
			continue
		}
		out2 = append(out2, v)
	}

	return out2
}

func (c *Checker) debugf(f string, v ...interface{}) {
	if c.Debug != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(c.Debug, f, v...)
	}
}

func (graph *Graph) quieten(node *Node) {
	if node.seen {
		return
	}
	switch obj := node.obj.(type) {
	case *types.Named:
		for i := 0; i < obj.NumMethods(); i++ {
			m := obj.Method(i)
			if node, ok := graph.nodeMaybe(m); ok {
				node.quiet = true
			}
		}
	case *types.Struct:
		for i := 0; i < obj.NumFields(); i++ {
			if node, ok := graph.nodeMaybe(obj.Field(i)); ok {
				node.quiet = true
			}
		}
	case *types.Interface:
		for i := 0; i < obj.NumExplicitMethods(); i++ {
			m := obj.ExplicitMethod(i)
			if node, ok := graph.nodeMaybe(m); ok {
				node.quiet = true
			}
		}
	}
}

func (c *Checker) results() []types.Object {
	if c.graph == nil {
		// We never analyzed any packages
		return nil
	}

	var out []types.Object

	if c.WholeProgram {
		var ifaces []*types.Interface
		var notIfaces []types.Type

		// implement as many interfaces as possible
		c.graph.seenTypes.Iterate(func(t types.Type, _ interface{}) {
			switch t := t.(type) {
			case *types.Interface:
				if t.NumMethods() > 0 {
					ifaces = append(ifaces, t)
				}
			default:
				if _, ok := t.Underlying().(*types.Interface); !ok {
					notIfaces = append(notIfaces, t)
				}
			}
		})

		for pkg := range c.allPackages {
			for _, iface := range interfacesFromExportData(pkg) {
				if iface.NumMethods() > 0 {
					ifaces = append(ifaces, iface)
				}
			}
		}

		ctx := &context{
			g:         c.graph,
			seenTypes: &c.graph.seenTypes,
		}
		// (8.0) handle interfaces
		// (e2) types aim to implement all exported interfaces from all packages
		for _, t := range notIfaces {
			// OPT(dh): it is unfortunate that we do not have access
			// to a populated method set at this point.
			ms := types.NewMethodSet(t)
			for _, iface := range ifaces {
				if sels, ok := c.graph.implements(t, iface, ms); ok {
					for _, sel := range sels {
						c.graph.useMethod(ctx, t, sel, t, edgeImplements)
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if c.Debug != nil {
		debugNode := func(node *Node) {
			if node.obj == nil {
				c.debugf("n%d [label=\"Root\"];\n", node.id)
			} else {
				c.debugf("n%d [label=%q];\n", node.id, fmt.Sprintf("(%T) %s", node.obj, node.obj))
			}
			for _, e := range node.used {
				for i := edgeKind(1); i < 64; i++ {
					if e.kind.is(1 << i) {
						c.debugf("n%d -> n%d [label=%q];\n", node.id, e.node.id, edgeKind(1<<i))
					}
				}
			}
		}

		c.debugf("digraph{\n")
		debugNode(c.graph.Root)
		for _, v := range c.graph.Nodes {
			debugNode(v)
		}
		c.graph.TypeNodes.Iterate(func(key types.Type, value interface{}) {
			debugNode(value.(*Node))
		})

		c.debugf("}\n")
	}

	c.graph.color(c.graph.Root)
	// if a node is unused, don't report any of the node's
	// children as unused. for example, if a function is unused,
	// don't flag its receiver. if a named type is unused, don't
	// flag its methods.

	for _, v := range c.graph.Nodes {
		c.graph.quieten(v)
	}
	c.graph.TypeNodes.Iterate(func(_ types.Type, value interface{}) {
		c.graph.quieten(value.(*Node))
	})

	report := func(node *Node) {
		if node.seen {
			return
		}
		if node.quiet {
			c.debugf("n%d [color=purple];\n", node.id)
			return
		}

		c.debugf("n%d [color=red];\n", node.id)
		switch obj := node.obj.(type) {
		case *types.Var:
			// don't report unnamed variables (interface embedding)
			if obj.Name() != "" || obj.IsField() {
				out = append(out, obj)
			}
			return
		case types.Object:
			if obj.Name() != "_" {
				out = append(out, obj)
			}
			return
		}
		c.debugf("n%d [color=gray];\n", node.id)
	}
	for _, v := range c.graph.Nodes {
		report(v)
	}
	c.graph.TypeNodes.Iterate(func(_ types.Type, value interface{}) {
		report(value.(*Node))
	})

	return out
}

func (c *Checker) processPkg(graph *Graph, pkg *pkg) {
	if pkg.Pkg.Path() == "unsafe" {
		return
	}
	graph.entry(pkg)
}

func objNodeKeyFor(fset *token.FileSet, obj types.Object) objNodeKey {
	var kind objType
	switch obj.(type) {
	case *types.PkgName:
		kind = otPkgName
	case *types.Const:
		kind = otConst
	case *types.TypeName:
		kind = otTypeName
	case *types.Var:
		kind = otVar
	case *types.Func:
		kind = otFunc
	case *types.Label:
		kind = otLabel
	case *types.Builtin:
		kind = otBuiltin
	case *types.Nil:
		kind = otNil
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unreachable: %T", obj))
	}

	position := fset.PositionFor(obj.Pos(), false)
	position.Column = 0
	position.Offset = 0
	return objNodeKey{
		position: position,
		kind:     kind,
		name:     obj.Name(),
	}
}

type objType uint8

const (
	otPkgName objType = iota
	otConst
	otTypeName
	otVar
	otFunc
	otLabel
	otBuiltin
	otNil
)

// An objNodeKey describes a types.Object node in the graph.
//
// Due to test variants we may end up with multiple instances of the
// same object, which is why we have to deduplicate based on their
// source position. And because export data lacks column information,
// we also have to incorporate the object's string representation in
// the key.
//
// Previously we used the object's full string representation
// (types.ObjectString), but that causes a significant amount of
// allocations. Currently we're using the object's type and name, in
// the hope that it is impossible for two objects to have the same
// type, name and file position.
type objNodeKey struct {
	position token.Position
	kind     objType
	name     string
}

type Graph struct {
	// accessed atomically
	nodeOffset uint64

	// Safe for concurrent use
	fset      *token.FileSet
	Root      *Node
	seenTypes typeutil.Map

	// read-only
	wholeProgram bool

	// need synchronisation
	mu        sync.Mutex
	TypeNodes typeutil.Map
	Nodes     map[interface{}]*Node
	objNodes  map[objNodeKey]*Node
}

type context struct {
	g           *Graph
	pkg         *pkg
	seenFns     map[string]struct{}
	seenTypes   *typeutil.Map
	nodeCounter uint64
}

func NewGraph() *Graph {
	g := &Graph{
		Nodes:    map[interface{}]*Node{},
		objNodes: map[objNodeKey]*Node{},
	}
	g.Root = g.newNode(&context{}, nil)
	return g
}

func (g *Graph) color(root *Node) {
	if root.seen {
		return
	}
	root.seen = true
	for _, e := range root.used {
		g.color(e.node)
	}
}

type ConstGroup struct {
	// give the struct a size to get unique pointers
	_ byte
}

func (ConstGroup) String() string { return "const group" }

type edge struct {
	node *Node
	kind edgeKind
}

type Node struct {
	obj interface{}
	id  uint64

	mu   sync.Mutex
	used []edge

	// set during final graph walk if node is reachable
	seen bool
	// a parent node (e.g. the struct type containing a field) is
	// already unused, don't report children
	quiet bool
}

func (g *Graph) nodeMaybe(obj types.Object) (*Node, bool) {
	g.mu.Lock()
	defer g.mu.Unlock()
	if node, ok := g.Nodes[obj]; ok {
		return node, true
	}
	return nil, false
}

func (g *Graph) node(ctx *context, obj interface{}) (node *Node, new bool) {
	g.mu.Lock()
	defer g.mu.Unlock()
	switch obj := obj.(type) {
	case types.Type:
		if v := g.TypeNodes.At(obj); v != nil {
			return v.(*Node), false
		}
		node := g.newNode(ctx, obj)
		g.TypeNodes.Set(obj, node)
		return node, true
	case types.Object:
		if node, ok := g.Nodes[obj]; ok {
			return node, false
		}

		key := objNodeKeyFor(g.fset, obj)
		if onode, ok := g.objNodes[key]; ok {
			return onode, false
		}

		node = g.newNode(ctx, obj)
		g.Nodes[obj] = node
		g.objNodes[key] = node
		return node, true
	default:
		if node, ok := g.Nodes[obj]; ok {
			return node, false
		}

		node = g.newNode(ctx, obj)
		g.Nodes[obj] = node
		return node, true
	}
}

func (g *Graph) newNode(ctx *context, obj interface{}) *Node {
	ctx.nodeCounter++
	return &Node{
		obj: obj,
		id:  ctx.nodeCounter,
	}
}

func (n *Node) use(node *Node, kind edgeKind) {
	n.mu.Lock()
	defer n.mu.Unlock()
	assert(node != nil)
	n.used = append(n.used, edge{node: node, kind: kind})
}

// isIrrelevant reports whether an object's presence in the graph is
// of any relevance. A lot of objects will never have outgoing edges,
// nor meaningful incoming ones. Examples are basic types and empty
// signatures, among many others.
//
// Dropping these objects should have no effect on correctness, but
// may improve performance. It also helps with debugging, as it
// greatly reduces the size of the graph.
func isIrrelevant(obj interface{}) bool {
	if obj, ok := obj.(types.Object); ok {
		switch obj := obj.(type) {
		case *types.Var:
			if obj.IsField() {
				// We need to track package fields
				return false
			}
			if obj.Pkg() != nil && obj.Parent() == obj.Pkg().Scope() {
				// We need to track package-level variables
				return false
			}
			return isIrrelevant(obj.Type())
		default:
			return false
		}
	}
	if T, ok := obj.(types.Type); ok {
		switch T := T.(type) {
		case *types.Array:
			return isIrrelevant(T.Elem())
		case *types.Slice:
			return isIrrelevant(T.Elem())
		case *types.Basic:
			return true
		case *types.Tuple:
			for i := 0; i < T.Len(); i++ {
				if !isIrrelevant(T.At(i).Type()) {
					return false
				}
			}
			return true
		case *types.Signature:
			if T.Recv() != nil {
				return false
			}
			for i := 0; i < T.Params().Len(); i++ {
				if !isIrrelevant(T.Params().At(i)) {
					return false
				}
			}
			for i := 0; i < T.Results().Len(); i++ {
				if !isIrrelevant(T.Results().At(i)) {
					return false
				}
			}
			return true
		case *types.Interface:
			return T.NumMethods() == 0 && T.NumEmbeddeds() == 0
		case *types.Pointer:
			return isIrrelevant(T.Elem())
		case *types.Map:
			return isIrrelevant(T.Key()) && isIrrelevant(T.Elem())
		case *types.Struct:
			return T.NumFields() == 0
		case *types.Chan:
			return isIrrelevant(T.Elem())
		default:
			return false
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (ctx *context) see(obj interface{}) *Node {
	if isIrrelevant(obj) {
		return nil
	}

	assert(obj != nil)
	// add new node to graph
	node, _ := ctx.g.node(ctx, obj)
	return node
}

func (ctx *context) use(used, by interface{}, kind edgeKind) {
	if isIrrelevant(used) {
		return
	}

	assert(used != nil)
	if obj, ok := by.(types.Object); ok && obj.Pkg() != nil {
		if !ctx.g.wholeProgram && obj.Pkg() != ctx.pkg.Pkg {
			return
		}
	}
	usedNode, new := ctx.g.node(ctx, used)
	assert(!new)
	if by == nil {
		ctx.g.Root.use(usedNode, kind)
	} else {
		byNode, new := ctx.g.node(ctx, by)
		assert(!new)
		byNode.use(usedNode, kind)
	}
}

func (ctx *context) seeAndUse(used, by interface{}, kind edgeKind) *Node {
	node := ctx.see(used)
	ctx.use(used, by, kind)
	return node
}

// trackExportedIdentifier reports whether obj should be considered
// used due to being exported, checking various conditions that affect
// the decision.
func (g *Graph) trackExportedIdentifier(ctx *context, obj types.Object) bool {
	if !obj.Exported() {
		// object isn't exported, the question is moot
		return false
	}
	path := g.fset.Position(obj.Pos()).Filename
	if g.wholeProgram {
		// Example functions without "Output:" comments aren't being
		// run and thus don't show up in the graph.
		if strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") && strings.HasPrefix(obj.Name(), "Example") {
			return true
		}
		// whole program mode tracks exported identifiers accurately
		return false
	}

	if ctx.pkg.Pkg.Name() == "main" && !strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
		// exported identifiers in package main can't be imported.
		// However, test functions can be called, and xtest packages
		// even have access to exported identifiers.
		return false
	}

	if strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
		if strings.HasPrefix(obj.Name(), "Test") ||
			strings.HasPrefix(obj.Name(), "Benchmark") ||
			strings.HasPrefix(obj.Name(), "Example") {
			return true
		}
		return false
	}

	return true
}

func (g *Graph) entry(pkg *pkg) {
	no := atomic.AddUint64(&g.nodeOffset, 1)
	ctx := &context{
		g:           g,
		pkg:         pkg,
		nodeCounter: no * 1e9,
		seenFns:     map[string]struct{}{},
	}
	if g.wholeProgram {
		ctx.seenTypes = &g.seenTypes
	} else {
		ctx.seenTypes = &typeutil.Map{}
	}

	scopes := map[*types.Scope]*ir.Function{}
	for _, fn := range pkg.SrcFuncs {
		if fn.Object() != nil {
			scope := fn.Object().(*types.Func).Scope()
			scopes[scope] = fn
		}
	}

	for _, f := range pkg.Files {
		for _, cg := range f.Comments {
			for _, c := range cg.List {
				if strings.HasPrefix(c.Text, "//go:linkname ") {
					// FIXME(dh): we're looking at all comments. The
					// compiler only looks at comments in the
					// left-most column. The intention probably is to
					// only look at top-level comments.

					// (1.8) packages use symbols linked via go:linkname
					fields := strings.Fields(c.Text)
					if len(fields) == 3 {
						if m, ok := pkg.IR.Members[fields[1]]; ok {
							var obj types.Object
							switch m := m.(type) {
							case *ir.Global:
								obj = m.Object()
							case *ir.Function:
								obj = m.Object()
							default:
								panic(fmt.Sprintf("unhandled type: %T", m))
							}
							assert(obj != nil)
							ctx.seeAndUse(obj, nil, edgeLinkname)
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	surroundingFunc := func(obj types.Object) *ir.Function {
		scope := obj.Parent()
		for scope != nil {
			if fn := scopes[scope]; fn != nil {
				return fn
			}
			scope = scope.Parent()
		}
		return nil
	}

	// IR form won't tell us about locally scoped types that aren't
	// being used. Walk the list of Defs to get all named types.
	//
	// IR form also won't tell us about constants; use Defs and Uses
	// to determine which constants exist and which are being used.
	for _, obj := range pkg.TypesInfo.Defs {
		switch obj := obj.(type) {
		case *types.TypeName:
			// types are being handled by walking the AST
		case *types.Const:
			ctx.see(obj)
			fn := surroundingFunc(obj)
			if fn == nil && g.trackExportedIdentifier(ctx, obj) {
				// (1.4) packages use exported constants (unless in package main)
				ctx.use(obj, nil, edgeExportedConstant)
			}
			g.typ(ctx, obj.Type(), nil)
			ctx.seeAndUse(obj.Type(), obj, edgeType)
		}
	}

	// Find constants being used inside functions, find sinks in tests
	for _, fn := range pkg.SrcFuncs {
		if fn.Object() != nil {
			ctx.see(fn.Object())
		}
		node := fn.Source()
		if node == nil {
			continue
		}
		ast.Inspect(node, func(node ast.Node) bool {
			switch node := node.(type) {
			case *ast.Ident:
				obj, ok := pkg.TypesInfo.Uses[node]
				if !ok {
					return true
				}
				switch obj := obj.(type) {
				case *types.Const:
					ctx.seeAndUse(obj, owningObject(fn), edgeUsedConstant)
				}
			case *ast.AssignStmt:
				for _, expr := range node.Lhs {
					ident, ok := expr.(*ast.Ident)
					if !ok {
						continue
					}
					obj := pkg.TypesInfo.ObjectOf(ident)
					if obj == nil {
						continue
					}
					path := g.fset.File(obj.Pos()).Name()
					if strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
						if obj.Parent() != nil && obj.Parent().Parent() != nil && obj.Parent().Parent().Parent() == nil {
							// object's scope is the package, whose
							// parent is the file, whose parent is nil

							// (4.9) functions use package-level variables they assign to iff in tests (sinks for benchmarks)
							// (9.7) variable _reads_ use variables, writes do not, except in tests
							ctx.seeAndUse(obj, owningObject(fn), edgeTestSink)
						}
					}
				}
			}

			return true
		})
	}
	// Find constants being used in non-function contexts
	for _, obj := range pkg.TypesInfo.Uses {
		_, ok := obj.(*types.Const)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		ctx.seeAndUse(obj, nil, edgeUsedConstant)
	}

	var fns []*types.Func
	var fn *types.Func
	var stack []ast.Node
	for _, f := range pkg.Files {
		ast.Inspect(f, func(n ast.Node) bool {
			if n == nil {
				pop := stack[len(stack)-1]
				stack = stack[:len(stack)-1]
				if _, ok := pop.(*ast.FuncDecl); ok {
					fns = fns[:len(fns)-1]
					if len(fns) == 0 {
						fn = nil
					} else {
						fn = fns[len(fns)-1]
					}
				}
				return true
			}
			stack = append(stack, n)
			switch n := n.(type) {
			case *ast.FuncDecl:
				fn = pkg.TypesInfo.ObjectOf(n.Name).(*types.Func)
				fns = append(fns, fn)
				ctx.see(fn)
			case *ast.GenDecl:
				switch n.Tok {
				case token.CONST:
					groups := code.GroupSpecs(pkg.Fset, n.Specs)
					for _, specs := range groups {
						if len(specs) > 1 {
							cg := &ConstGroup{}
							ctx.see(cg)
							for _, spec := range specs {
								for _, name := range spec.(*ast.ValueSpec).Names {
									obj := pkg.TypesInfo.ObjectOf(name)
									// (10.1) const groups
									ctx.seeAndUse(obj, cg, edgeConstGroup)
									ctx.use(cg, obj, edgeConstGroup)
								}
							}
						}
					}
				case token.VAR:
					for _, spec := range n.Specs {
						v := spec.(*ast.ValueSpec)
						for _, name := range v.Names {
							T := pkg.TypesInfo.TypeOf(name)
							if fn != nil {
								ctx.seeAndUse(T, fn, edgeVarDecl)
							} else {
								// TODO(dh): we likely want to make
								// the type used by the variable, not
								// the package containing the
								// variable. But then we have to take
								// special care of blank identifiers.
								ctx.seeAndUse(T, nil, edgeVarDecl)
							}
							g.typ(ctx, T, nil)
						}
					}
				case token.TYPE:
					for _, spec := range n.Specs {
						// go/types doesn't provide a way to go from a
						// types.Named to the named type it was based on
						// (the t1 in type t2 t1). Therefore we walk the
						// AST and process GenDecls.
						//
						// (2.2) named types use the type they're based on
						v := spec.(*ast.TypeSpec)
						T := pkg.TypesInfo.TypeOf(v.Type)
						obj := pkg.TypesInfo.ObjectOf(v.Name)
						ctx.see(obj)
						ctx.see(T)
						ctx.use(T, obj, edgeType)
						g.typ(ctx, obj.Type(), nil)
						g.typ(ctx, T, nil)

						if v.Assign != 0 {
							aliasFor := obj.(*types.TypeName).Type()
							// (2.3) named types use all their aliases. we can't easily track uses of aliases
							if isIrrelevant(aliasFor) {
								// We do not track the type this is an
								// alias for (for example builtins), so
								// just mark the alias used.
								//
								// FIXME(dh): what about aliases declared inside functions?
								ctx.use(obj, nil, edgeAlias)
							} else {
								ctx.see(aliasFor)
								ctx.seeAndUse(obj, aliasFor, edgeAlias)
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
			return true
		})
	}

	for _, m := range pkg.IR.Members {
		switch m := m.(type) {
		case *ir.NamedConst:
			// nothing to do, we collect all constants from Defs
		case *ir.Global:
			if m.Object() != nil {
				ctx.see(m.Object())
				if g.trackExportedIdentifier(ctx, m.Object()) {
					// (1.3) packages use exported variables (unless in package main)
					ctx.use(m.Object(), nil, edgeExportedVariable)
				}
			}
		case *ir.Function:
			mObj := owningObject(m)
			if mObj != nil {
				ctx.see(mObj)
			}
			//lint:ignore SA9003 handled implicitly
			if m.Name() == "init" {
				// (1.5) packages use init functions
				//
				// This is handled implicitly. The generated init
				// function has no object, thus everything in it will
				// be owned by the package.
			}
			// This branch catches top-level functions, not methods.
			if m.Object() != nil && g.trackExportedIdentifier(ctx, m.Object()) {
				// (1.2) packages use exported functions (unless in package main)
				ctx.use(mObj, nil, edgeExportedFunction)
			}
			if m.Name() == "main" && pkg.Pkg.Name() == "main" {
				// (1.7) packages use the main function iff in the main package
				ctx.use(mObj, nil, edgeMainFunction)
			}
			if pkg.Pkg.Path() == "runtime" && runtimeFuncs[m.Name()] {
				// (9.8) runtime functions that may be called from user code via the compiler
				ctx.use(mObj, nil, edgeRuntimeFunction)
			}
			if m.Source() != nil {
				doc := m.Source().(*ast.FuncDecl).Doc
				if doc != nil {
					for _, cmt := range doc.List {
						if strings.HasPrefix(cmt.Text, "//go:cgo_export_") {
							// (1.6) packages use functions exported to cgo
							ctx.use(mObj, nil, edgeCgoExported)
						}
					}
				}
			}
			g.function(ctx, m)
		case *ir.Type:
			if m.Object() != nil {
				ctx.see(m.Object())
				if g.trackExportedIdentifier(ctx, m.Object()) {
					// (1.1) packages use exported named types (unless in package main)
					ctx.use(m.Object(), nil, edgeExportedType)
				}
			}
			g.typ(ctx, m.Type(), nil)
		default:
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unreachable: %T", m))
		}
	}

	if !g.wholeProgram {
		// When not in whole program mode we reset seenTypes after each package,
		// which means g.seenTypes only contains types of
		// interest to us. In whole program mode, we're better off
		// processing all interfaces at once, globally, both for
		// performance reasons and because in whole program mode we
		// actually care about all interfaces, not just the subset
		// that has unexported methods.

		var ifaces []*types.Interface
		var notIfaces []types.Type

		ctx.seenTypes.Iterate(func(t types.Type, _ interface{}) {
			switch t := t.(type) {
			case *types.Interface:
				// OPT(dh): (8.1) we only need interfaces that have unexported methods
				ifaces = append(ifaces, t)
			default:
				if _, ok := t.Underlying().(*types.Interface); !ok {
					notIfaces = append(notIfaces, t)
				}
			}
		})

		// (8.0) handle interfaces
		for _, t := range notIfaces {
			ms := pkg.IR.Prog.MethodSets.MethodSet(t)
			for _, iface := range ifaces {
				if sels, ok := g.implements(t, iface, ms); ok {
					for _, sel := range sels {
						g.useMethod(ctx, t, sel, t, edgeImplements)
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

func (g *Graph) useMethod(ctx *context, t types.Type, sel *types.Selection, by interface{}, kind edgeKind) {
	obj := sel.Obj()
	path := sel.Index()
	assert(obj != nil)
	if len(path) > 1 {
		base := code.Dereference(t).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
		for _, idx := range path[:len(path)-1] {
			next := base.Field(idx)
			// (6.3) structs use embedded fields that help implement interfaces
			ctx.see(base)
			ctx.seeAndUse(next, base, edgeProvidesMethod)
			base, _ = code.Dereference(next.Type()).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
		}
	}
	ctx.seeAndUse(obj, by, kind)
}

func owningObject(fn *ir.Function) types.Object {
	if fn.Object() != nil {
		return fn.Object()
	}
	if fn.Parent() != nil {
		return owningObject(fn.Parent())
	}
	return nil
}

func (g *Graph) function(ctx *context, fn *ir.Function) {
	if fn.Package() != nil && fn.Package() != ctx.pkg.IR {
		return
	}

	name := fn.RelString(nil)
	if _, ok := ctx.seenFns[name]; ok {
		return
	}
	ctx.seenFns[name] = struct{}{}

	// (4.1) functions use all their arguments, return parameters and receivers
	g.signature(ctx, fn.Signature, owningObject(fn))
	g.instructions(ctx, fn)
	for _, anon := range fn.AnonFuncs {
		// (4.2) functions use anonymous functions defined beneath them
		//
		// This fact is expressed implicitly. Anonymous functions have
		// no types.Object, so their owner is the surrounding
		// function.
		g.function(ctx, anon)
	}
}

func (g *Graph) typ(ctx *context, t types.Type, parent types.Type) {
	if g.wholeProgram {
		g.mu.Lock()
	}
	if ctx.seenTypes.At(t) != nil {
		if g.wholeProgram {
			g.mu.Unlock()
		}
		return
	}
	if g.wholeProgram {
		g.mu.Unlock()
	}
	if t, ok := t.(*types.Named); ok && t.Obj().Pkg() != nil {
		if t.Obj().Pkg() != ctx.pkg.Pkg {
			return
		}
	}

	if g.wholeProgram {
		g.mu.Lock()
	}
	ctx.seenTypes.Set(t, struct{}{})
	if g.wholeProgram {
		g.mu.Unlock()
	}
	if isIrrelevant(t) {
		return
	}

	ctx.see(t)
	switch t := t.(type) {
	case *types.Struct:
		for i := 0; i < t.NumFields(); i++ {
			ctx.see(t.Field(i))
			if t.Field(i).Exported() {
				// (6.2) structs use exported fields
				ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeExportedField)
			} else if t.Field(i).Name() == "_" {
				ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeBlankField)
			} else if isNoCopyType(t.Field(i).Type()) {
				// (6.1) structs use fields of type NoCopy sentinel
				ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeNoCopySentinel)
			} else if parent == nil {
				// (11.1) anonymous struct types use all their fields.
				ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeAnonymousStruct)
			}
			if t.Field(i).Anonymous() {
				// (e3) exported identifiers aren't automatically used.
				if !g.wholeProgram {
					// does the embedded field contribute exported methods to the method set?
					T := t.Field(i).Type()
					if _, ok := T.Underlying().(*types.Pointer); !ok {
						// An embedded field is addressable, so check
						// the pointer type to get the full method set
						T = types.NewPointer(T)
					}
					ms := ctx.pkg.IR.Prog.MethodSets.MethodSet(T)
					for j := 0; j < ms.Len(); j++ {
						if ms.At(j).Obj().Exported() {
							// (6.4) structs use embedded fields that have exported methods (recursively)
							ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeExtendsExportedMethodSet)
							break
						}
					}
				}

				seen := map[*types.Struct]struct{}{}
				var hasExportedField func(t types.Type) bool
				hasExportedField = func(T types.Type) bool {
					t, ok := code.Dereference(T).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
					if !ok {
						return false
					}
					if _, ok := seen[t]; ok {
						return false
					}
					seen[t] = struct{}{}
					for i := 0; i < t.NumFields(); i++ {
						field := t.Field(i)
						if field.Exported() {
							return true
						}
						if field.Embedded() && hasExportedField(field.Type()) {
							return true
						}
					}
					return false
				}
				// does the embedded field contribute exported fields?
				if hasExportedField(t.Field(i).Type()) {
					// (6.5) structs use embedded structs that have exported fields (recursively)
					ctx.use(t.Field(i), t, edgeExtendsExportedFields)
				}

			}
			g.variable(ctx, t.Field(i))
		}
	case *types.Basic:
		// Nothing to do
	case *types.Named:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Underlying(), t, edgeUnderlyingType)
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Obj(), t, edgeTypeName)
		ctx.seeAndUse(t, t.Obj(), edgeNamedType)

		// (2.4) named types use the pointer type
		if _, ok := t.Underlying().(*types.Interface); !ok && t.NumMethods() > 0 {
			ctx.seeAndUse(types.NewPointer(t), t, edgePointerType)
		}

		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethods(); i++ {
			ctx.see(t.Method(i))
			// don't use trackExportedIdentifier here, we care about
			// all exported methods, even in package main or in tests.
			if t.Method(i).Exported() && !g.wholeProgram {
				// (2.1) named types use exported methods
				ctx.use(t.Method(i), t, edgeExportedMethod)
			}
			g.function(ctx, ctx.pkg.IR.Prog.FuncValue(t.Method(i)))
		}

		g.typ(ctx, t.Underlying(), t)
	case *types.Slice:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Elem(), t, edgeElementType)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Elem(), nil)
	case *types.Map:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Elem(), t, edgeElementType)
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Key(), t, edgeKeyType)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Elem(), nil)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Key(), nil)
	case *types.Signature:
		g.signature(ctx, t, nil)
	case *types.Interface:
		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethods(); i++ {
			m := t.Method(i)
			// (8.3) All interface methods are marked as used
			ctx.seeAndUse(m, t, edgeInterfaceMethod)
			ctx.seeAndUse(m.Type().(*types.Signature), m, edgeSignature)
			g.signature(ctx, m.Type().(*types.Signature), nil)
		}
		for i := 0; i < t.NumEmbeddeds(); i++ {
			tt := t.EmbeddedType(i)
			// (8.4) All embedded interfaces are marked as used
			ctx.seeAndUse(tt, t, edgeEmbeddedInterface)
		}
	case *types.Array:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Elem(), t, edgeElementType)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Elem(), nil)
	case *types.Pointer:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Elem(), t, edgeElementType)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Elem(), nil)
	case *types.Chan:
		// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
		ctx.seeAndUse(t.Elem(), t, edgeElementType)
		g.typ(ctx, t.Elem(), nil)
	case *types.Tuple:
		for i := 0; i < t.Len(); i++ {
			// (9.3) types use their underlying and element types
			ctx.seeAndUse(t.At(i).Type(), t, edgeTupleElement|edgeType)
			g.typ(ctx, t.At(i).Type(), nil)
		}
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unreachable: %T", t))
	}
}

func (g *Graph) variable(ctx *context, v *types.Var) {
	// (9.2) variables use their types
	ctx.seeAndUse(v.Type(), v, edgeType)
	g.typ(ctx, v.Type(), nil)
}

func (g *Graph) signature(ctx *context, sig *types.Signature, fn types.Object) {
	var user interface{} = fn
	if fn == nil {
		user = sig
		ctx.see(sig)
	}
	if sig.Recv() != nil {
		ctx.seeAndUse(sig.Recv().Type(), user, edgeReceiver|edgeType)
		g.typ(ctx, sig.Recv().Type(), nil)
	}
	for i := 0; i < sig.Params().Len(); i++ {
		param := sig.Params().At(i)
		ctx.seeAndUse(param.Type(), user, edgeFunctionArgument|edgeType)
		g.typ(ctx, param.Type(), nil)
	}
	for i := 0; i < sig.Results().Len(); i++ {
		param := sig.Results().At(i)
		ctx.seeAndUse(param.Type(), user, edgeFunctionResult|edgeType)
		g.typ(ctx, param.Type(), nil)
	}
}

func (g *Graph) instructions(ctx *context, fn *ir.Function) {
	fnObj := owningObject(fn)
	for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
		for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
			ops := instr.Operands(nil)
			switch instr.(type) {
			case *ir.Store:
				// (9.7) variable _reads_ use variables, writes do not
				ops = ops[1:]
			case *ir.DebugRef:
				ops = nil
			}
			for _, arg := range ops {
				walkPhi(*arg, func(v ir.Value) {
					switch v := v.(type) {
					case *ir.Function:
						// (4.3) functions use closures and bound methods.
						// (4.5) functions use functions they call
						// (9.5) instructions use their operands
						// (4.4) functions use functions they return. we assume that someone else will call the returned function
						if owningObject(v) != nil {
							ctx.seeAndUse(owningObject(v), fnObj, edgeInstructionOperand)
						}
						g.function(ctx, v)
					case *ir.Const:
						// (9.6) instructions use their operands' types
						ctx.seeAndUse(v.Type(), fnObj, edgeType)
						g.typ(ctx, v.Type(), nil)
					case *ir.Global:
						if v.Object() != nil {
							// (9.5) instructions use their operands
							ctx.seeAndUse(v.Object(), fnObj, edgeInstructionOperand)
						}
					}
				})
			}
			if v, ok := instr.(ir.Value); ok {
				if _, ok := v.(*ir.Range); !ok {
					// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/19670

					// (4.8) instructions use their types
					// (9.4) conversions use the type they convert to
					ctx.seeAndUse(v.Type(), fnObj, edgeType)
					g.typ(ctx, v.Type(), nil)
				}
			}
			switch instr := instr.(type) {
			case *ir.Field:
				st := instr.X.Type().Underlying().(*types.Struct)
				field := st.Field(instr.Field)
				// (4.7) functions use fields they access
				ctx.seeAndUse(field, fnObj, edgeFieldAccess)
			case *ir.FieldAddr:
				st := code.Dereference(instr.X.Type()).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
				field := st.Field(instr.Field)
				// (4.7) functions use fields they access
				ctx.seeAndUse(field, fnObj, edgeFieldAccess)
			case *ir.Store:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by operands
			case *ir.Call:
				c := instr.Common()
				if !c.IsInvoke() {
					// handled generically as an instruction operand

					if g.wholeProgram {
						// (e3) special case known reflection-based method callers
						switch code.CallName(c) {
						case "net/rpc.Register", "net/rpc.RegisterName", "(*net/rpc.Server).Register", "(*net/rpc.Server).RegisterName":
							var arg ir.Value
							switch code.CallName(c) {
							case "net/rpc.Register":
								arg = c.Args[0]
							case "net/rpc.RegisterName":
								arg = c.Args[1]
							case "(*net/rpc.Server).Register":
								arg = c.Args[1]
							case "(*net/rpc.Server).RegisterName":
								arg = c.Args[2]
							}
							walkPhi(arg, func(v ir.Value) {
								if v, ok := v.(*ir.MakeInterface); ok {
									walkPhi(v.X, func(vv ir.Value) {
										ms := ctx.pkg.IR.Prog.MethodSets.MethodSet(vv.Type())
										for i := 0; i < ms.Len(); i++ {
											if ms.At(i).Obj().Exported() {
												g.useMethod(ctx, vv.Type(), ms.At(i), fnObj, edgeNetRPCRegister)
											}
										}
									})
								}
							})
						}
					}
				} else {
					// (4.5) functions use functions/interface methods they call
					ctx.seeAndUse(c.Method, fnObj, edgeInterfaceCall)
				}
			case *ir.Return:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by operands
			case *ir.ChangeType:
				// conversion type handled generically

				s1, ok1 := code.Dereference(instr.Type()).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
				s2, ok2 := code.Dereference(instr.X.Type()).Underlying().(*types.Struct)
				if ok1 && ok2 {
					// Converting between two structs. The fields are
					// relevant for the conversion, but only if the
					// fields are also used outside of the conversion.
					// Mark fields as used by each other.

					assert(s1.NumFields() == s2.NumFields())
					for i := 0; i < s1.NumFields(); i++ {
						ctx.see(s1.Field(i))
						ctx.see(s2.Field(i))
						// (5.1) when converting between two equivalent structs, the fields in
						// either struct use each other. the fields are relevant for the
						// conversion, but only if the fields are also accessed outside the
						// conversion.
						ctx.seeAndUse(s1.Field(i), s2.Field(i), edgeStructConversion)
						ctx.seeAndUse(s2.Field(i), s1.Field(i), edgeStructConversion)
					}
				}
			case *ir.MakeInterface:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by operands
			case *ir.Slice:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by operands
			case *ir.RunDefers:
				// nothing to do, the deferred functions are already marked use by defering them.
			case *ir.Convert:
				// to unsafe.Pointer
				if typ, ok := instr.Type().(*types.Basic); ok && typ.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer {
					if ptr, ok := instr.X.Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer); ok {
						if st, ok := ptr.Elem().Underlying().(*types.Struct); ok {
							for i := 0; i < st.NumFields(); i++ {
								// (5.2) when converting to or from unsafe.Pointer, mark all fields as used.
								ctx.seeAndUse(st.Field(i), fnObj, edgeUnsafeConversion)
							}
						}
					}
				}
				// from unsafe.Pointer
				if typ, ok := instr.X.Type().(*types.Basic); ok && typ.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer {
					if ptr, ok := instr.Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer); ok {
						if st, ok := ptr.Elem().Underlying().(*types.Struct); ok {
							for i := 0; i < st.NumFields(); i++ {
								// (5.2) when converting to or from unsafe.Pointer, mark all fields as used.
								ctx.seeAndUse(st.Field(i), fnObj, edgeUnsafeConversion)
							}
						}
					}
				}
			case *ir.TypeAssert:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by instruction
				// type (possibly a tuple, which contains the asserted
				// to type). redundantly handled by the type of
				// ir.Extract, too
			case *ir.MakeClosure:
				// nothing to do, handled generically by operands
			case *ir.Alloc:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.UnOp:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.BinOp:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.If:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Jump:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Unreachable:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.IndexAddr:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Extract:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Panic:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.DebugRef:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.BlankStore:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Phi:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Sigma:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.MakeMap:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.MapUpdate:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.MapLookup:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.StringLookup:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.MakeSlice:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Send:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.MakeChan:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Range:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Next:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Index:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Select:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.ChangeInterface:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Load:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Go:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Defer:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Parameter:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Const:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.Recv:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.TypeSwitch:
				// nothing to do
			case *ir.ConstantSwitch:
				// nothing to do
			default:
				panic(fmt.Sprintf("unreachable: %T", instr))
			}
		}
	}
}

// isNoCopyType reports whether a type represents the NoCopy sentinel
// type. The NoCopy type is a named struct with no fields and exactly
// one method `func Lock()` that is empty.
//
// FIXME(dh): currently we're not checking that the function body is
// empty.
func isNoCopyType(typ types.Type) bool {
	st, ok := typ.Underlying().(*types.Struct)
	if !ok {
		return false
	}
	if st.NumFields() != 0 {
		return false
	}

	named, ok := typ.(*types.Named)
	if !ok {
		return false
	}
	if named.NumMethods() != 1 {
		return false
	}
	meth := named.Method(0)
	if meth.Name() != "Lock" {
		return false
	}
	sig := meth.Type().(*types.Signature)
	if sig.Params().Len() != 0 || sig.Results().Len() != 0 {
		return false
	}
	return true
}

func walkPhi(v ir.Value, fn func(v ir.Value)) {
	phi, ok := v.(*ir.Phi)
	if !ok {
		fn(v)
		return
	}

	seen := map[ir.Value]struct{}{}
	var impl func(v *ir.Phi)
	impl = func(v *ir.Phi) {
		if _, ok := seen[v]; ok {
			return
		}
		seen[v] = struct{}{}
		for _, e := range v.Edges {
			if ev, ok := e.(*ir.Phi); ok {
				impl(ev)
			} else {
				fn(e)
			}
		}
	}
	impl(phi)
}

func interfacesFromExportData(pkg *types.Package) []*types.Interface {
	var out []*types.Interface
	scope := pkg.Scope()
	for _, name := range scope.Names() {
		obj := scope.Lookup(name)
		out = append(out, interfacesFromObject(obj)...)
	}
	return out
}

func interfacesFromObject(obj types.Object) []*types.Interface {
	var out []*types.Interface
	switch obj := obj.(type) {
	case *types.Func:
		sig := obj.Type().(*types.Signature)
		for i := 0; i < sig.Results().Len(); i++ {
			out = append(out, interfacesFromObject(sig.Results().At(i))...)
		}
		for i := 0; i < sig.Params().Len(); i++ {
			out = append(out, interfacesFromObject(sig.Params().At(i))...)
		}
	case *types.TypeName:
		if named, ok := obj.Type().(*types.Named); ok {
			for i := 0; i < named.NumMethods(); i++ {
				out = append(out, interfacesFromObject(named.Method(i))...)
			}

			if iface, ok := named.Underlying().(*types.Interface); ok {
				out = append(out, iface)
			}
		}
	case *types.Var:
		// No call to Underlying here. We want unnamed interfaces
		// only. Named interfaces are gotten directly from the
		// package's scope.
		if iface, ok := obj.Type().(*types.Interface); ok {
			out = append(out, iface)
		}
	case *types.Const:
	case *types.Builtin:
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unhandled type: %T", obj))
	}
	return out
}