Single-node version [scales perfectly](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae)
with the number of CPU cores, RAM and available storage space.
Single-node version is easier to configure and operate comparing to cluster version, so think twice before sticking to cluster version.
by a separate service sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics cluster such as [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) or [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway.html). [Contact us](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com) if you need assistance with such service.
* The database performance and resource usage doesn't depend on the number of tenants. It depends mostly on the total number of active time series in all the tenants. A time series is considered active if it received at least a single sample during the last hour or it has been touched by queries during the last hour.
Compiled binaries for cluster version are available in the `assets` section of [releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases).
See archives containing `cluster` word.
Docker images for cluster version are available here:
An http load balancer such as [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth.html) or `nginx` must be put in front of `vminsert` and `vmselect` nodes:
Each flag values can be set thru environment variables by following these rules:
- The `-envflag.enable` flag must be set
- Each `.` in flag names must be substituted by `_` (for example `-insert.maxQueueDuration <duration>` will translate to `insert_maxQueueDuration=<duration>`)
- For repeating flags, an alternative syntax can be used by joining the different values into one using `,` as separator (for example `-storageNode <nodeA> -storageNode <nodeB>` will translate to `storageNode=<nodeA>,<nodeB>`)
- It is possible setting prefix for environment vars with `-envflag.prefix`. For instance, if `-envflag.prefix=VM_`, then env vars must be prepended with `VM_`
All the cluster components expose various metrics in Prometheus-compatible format at `/metrics` page on the TCP port set in `-httpListenAddr` command-line flag.
It is recommended setting up alerts in [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert.html) or in Prometheus from [this config](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/cluster/deployment/docker/alerts.yml).
-`<accountID>` is an arbitrary 32-bit integer identifying namespace for data ingestion (aka tenant). It is possible to set it as `accountID:projectID`,
where `projectID` is also arbitrary 32-bit integer. If `projectID` isn't set, then it equals to `0`.
-`prometheus` and `prometheus/api/v1/write` - for inserting data with [Prometheus remote write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write)
-`influx/write` and `influx/api/v2/write` - for inserting data with [Influx line protocol](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/write_protocols/line_protocol_tutorial/).
-`prometheus/api/v1/import/csv` - for importing arbitrary CSV data. See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Single-server-VictoriaMetrics.html#how-to-import-csv-data) for details.
-`prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus` - for importing data in [Prometheus text exposition format](https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/master/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md#text-based-format) and in [OpenMetrics format](https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/master/specification/OpenMetrics.md). See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Single-server-VictoriaMetrics.html#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format) for details.
-`api/v1/labels` - returns a [list of label names](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#getting-label-names).
-`api/v1/label/<label_name>/values` - returns values for the given `<label_name>` according [to API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#querying-label-values).
-`api/v1/export` - exports raw data in JSON line format. See [this article](https://medium.com/@valyala/analyzing-prometheus-data-with-external-tools-5f3e5e147639) for details.
-`api/v1/export/native` - exports raw data in native binary format. It may be imported into another VictoriaMetrics via `api/v1/import/native` (see above).
-`render` - implements Graphite Render API. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/render_api.html). This functionality is available in [Enterprise package](https://victoriametrics.com/enterprise.html).
-`tags/tagSeries` - registers time series. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#adding-series-to-the-tagdb).
-`tags/tagMultiSeries` - register multiple time series. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#adding-series-to-the-tagdb).
-`tags/<tag_name>` - returns tag values for the given `<tag_name>`. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#exploring-tags).
-`tags/autoComplete/tags` - returns tags matching the given `tagPrefix` and/or `expr`. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#auto-complete-support).
-`tags/autoComplete/values` - returns tag values matching the given `valuePrefix` and/or `expr`. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#auto-complete-support).
-`tags/delSeries` - deletes series matching the given `path`. See [these docs](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#removing-series-from-the-tagdb).
* URL for query stats across all tenants: `http://<vmselect>:8481/api/v1/status/top_queries`. It lists with the most frequently executed queries and queries taking the most duration.
* URL for time series deletion: `http://<vmselect>:8481/delete/<accountID>/prometheus/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`.
Note that the `delete_series` handler should be used only in exceptional cases such as deletion of accidentally ingested incorrect time series. It shouldn't
be used on a regular basis, since it carries non-zero overhead.
which can be used for backups in background. Snapshots are created in `<storageDataPath>/snapshots` folder, where `<storageDataPath>` is the corresponding
command-line flag value.
-`/snapshot/list` - list available snasphots.
-`/snapshot/delete?snapshot=<id>` - delete the given snapshot.
-`/snapshot/delete_all` - delete all the snapshots.
Adding more `vminsert` nodes scales data ingestion rate. See [this comment](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/175#issuecomment-536925841)
-`vmselect` continues serving partial responses if at least a single `vmstorage` node is available. If consistency over availability is preferred, then either pass `-search.denyPartialResponse` command-line flag to `vmselect` or pass `deny_partial_response=1` query arg in requests to `vmselect`.
`vmselect` doesn't serve partial responses for API handlers returning raw datapoints - [`/api/v1/export*` endpoints](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-time-series), since users usually expect this data is always complete.
* The recommended total number of vCPU cores for all the `vminsert` instances can be calculated from the ingestion rate: `vCPUs = ingestion_rate / 150K`.
* The recommended number of vCPU cores per each `vminsert` instance should equal to the number of `vmstorage` instances in the cluster.
* The amount of RAM per each `vminsert` instance should be 1GB or more. RAM is used as a buffer for spikes in ingestion rate.
* The recommended total number of vCPU cores for all the `vmstorage` instances can be calculated from the ingestion rate: `vCPUs = ingestion_rate / 150K`.
* The recommended total amount of RAM for all the `vmstorage` instances can be calculated from the number of active time series: `RAM = 2 * active_time_series * 1KB`.
The recommended hardware for `vmselect` instances highly depends on the type of queries. Lightweight queries over small number of time series usually require
small number of vCPU cores and small amount of RAM on `vmselect`, while heavy queries over big number of time series (>10K) usually require
bigger number of vCPU cores and bigger amounts of RAM.
It is recommended to run all the components for a single cluster in the same subnetwork with high bandwidth, low latency and low error rates.
This improves cluster performance and availability.
It isn't recommended spreading components for a single cluster across multiple availability zones, since cross-AZ network usually has lower bandwidth, higher latency
and higher error rates comparing the network inside AZ.
If you need multi-AZ setup, then it is recommended running independed clusters in each AZ and setting up
Another solution is to use multi-level cluster setup, where the top level of `vminsert` nodes [replicate](#replication-and-data-safety) data among the lower level of `vminsert` nodes located at different availability zones. These `vminsert` nodes then spread the data among `vmstorage` nodes in each AZ. See [these docs](#multi-level-cluster-setup) for more details.
## Multi-level cluster setup
`vminsert` nodes can accept data from another `vminsert` nodes starting from [v1.60.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/CHANGELOG.html#v1600) if `-clusternativeListenAddr` command-line flag is set. For example, if `vminsert` is started with `-clusternativeListenAddr=:8400` command-line flag, then it can accept data from another `vminsert` nodes at TCP port 8400 in the same way as `vmstorage` nodes do. This allows chaining `vminsert` nodes and building multi-level cluster topologies with flexible configs. For example, the top level of `vminsert` nodes can replicate data among the second level of `vminsert` nodes located in distinct availability zones (AZ), while the second-level `vminsert` nodes can spread the data among `vmstorage` nodes located in the same AZ. Such setup guarantees cluster availability if some AZ becomes unavailable. The data from all the `vmstorage` nodes in all the AZs can be read via `vmselect` nodes, which are configured to query all the `vmstorage` nodes in all the availability zones (e.g. all the `vmstorage` addresses are passed via `-storageNode` command-line flag to `vmselect` nodes). Additionally, `-replicationFactor=k+1` must be passed to `vmselect` nodes, where `k` is the lowest number of `vmstorage` nodes in a single AZ. See [replication docs](#replication-and-data-safety) for more details.
The cluster must contain at least `2*N-1``vmstorage` nodes, where `N`
is replication factor, in order to maintain the given replication factor for newly ingested data when `N-1` of storage nodes are lost.
For example, when `-replicationFactor=3` is passed to `vminsert`, then it replicates all the ingested data to 3 distinct `vmstorage` nodes,
so up to 2 `vmstorage` nodes can be lost without data loss. The minimum number of `vmstorage` nodes should be equal to `2*3-1 = 5`, so when 2 `vmstorage` nodes are lost,
the remaining 3 `vmstorage` nodes could provide the `-replicationFactor=3` for newly ingested data.
The `-replicationFactor=N` improves query performance when up to `N-1` vmstorage nodes respond slowly and/or temporarily unavailable. Sometimes `-replicationFactor` at `vmselect` nodes can result in partial responses. See [this issues](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1207) for details.
Note that the replication increases resource usage - CPU, RAM, disk space, network bandwidth - by up to `-replicationFactor` times. So it may be worth
offloading the replication to underlying storage pointed by `-storageDataPath` such as [Google Compute Engine persistent disk](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/#pdspecs),
which is protected from data loss and data corruption. It also provide consistently high performance
It is recommended performing periodical backups from [instant snapshots](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
2. Archive the created snapshot from `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots/<snapshot_name>` folder using [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup.html).
- Fragile gossip protocols. See [failed attempt in Thanos](https://github.com/improbable-eng/thanos/blob/030bc345c12c446962225221795f4973848caab5/docs/proposals/completed/201809_gossip-removal.md).
