However, there are some [intentional differences](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e) between these two languages.
If you are unfamiliar with PromQL, then it is suggested reading [this tutorial for beginners](https://medium.com/@valyala/promql-tutorial-for-beginners-9ab455142085)
and introduction into [basic querying via MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#metricsql).
* MetricsQL takes into account the last [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) before the lookbehind window
in square brackets for [increase](#increase) and [rate](#rate) functions. This allows returning the exact results users expect for `increase(metric[$__interval])` queries
instead of incomplete results Prometheus returns for such queries. Prometheus misses the increase between the last sample before the lookbehind window
and the first sample inside the lookbehind window.
* MetricsQL doesn't extrapolate [rate](#rate) and [increase](#increase) function results, so it always returns the expected results. For example, it returns
integer results from `increase()` over slow-changing integer counter. Prometheus in this case returns unexpected fractional results,
which may significantly differ from the expected results. This addresses [this issue from Prometheus](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/3746).
Read more about the differences between PromQL and MetricsQL in [this article](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e).
Other PromQL functionality should work the same in MetricsQL.
[File an issue](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues) if you notice discrepancies between PromQL and MetricsQL results other than mentioned above.
and provides additional functionality mentioned below, which is aimed towards solving practical cases.
Feel free [filing a feature request](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues) if you think MetricsQL misses certain useful functionality.
This functionality can be evaluated at [VictoriaMetrics playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/)
or at your own [VictoriaMetrics instance](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-start-victoriametrics).
* Lookbehind window in square brackets for [rollup functions](#rollup-functions) may be omitted. VictoriaMetrics automatically selects the lookbehind window
depending on the `step` query arg passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query)
and the real interval between [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) (aka `scrape_interval`).
* [Series selectors](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering) accept multiple `or` filters. For example, `{env="prod",job="a" or env="dev",job="b"}`
* [offset](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#offset-modifier) may be put anywhere in the query. For instance, `sum(foo) offset 24h`.
* Numeric values can have `K`, `Ki`, `M`, `Mi`, `G`, `Gi`, `T` and `Ti` suffixes. For example, `8K` is equivalent to `8000`, while `1.2Mi` is equivalent to `1.2*1024*1024`.
*`default` binary operator. `q1 default q2` fills gaps in `q1` with the corresponding values from `q2`. See also [drop_empty_series](#drop_empty_series).
Go to [WITH templates playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/expand-with-exprs) and try it.
By default, metric names are dropped after applying functions or [binary operators](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/operators/#binary-operators),
since they may change the meaning of the original time series.
**Rollup functions** (aka range functions or window functions) calculate rollups over **raw samples**
on the given lookbehind window for the [selected time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
For example, `avg_over_time(temperature[24h])` calculates the average temperature over raw samples for the last 24 hours.
Additional details:
* If rollup functions are used for building graphs in Grafana, then the rollup is calculated independently per each point on the graph.
For example, every point for `avg_over_time(temperature[24h])` graph shows the average temperature for the last 24 hours ending at this point.
The interval between points is set as `step` query arg passed by Grafana to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query).
* If the given [series selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering) returns multiple time series,
then rollups are calculated individually per each returned series.
* If lookbehind window in square brackets is missing, then it is automatically set to the following value:
- To `step` value passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query) or [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query)
for all the [rollup functions](#rollup-functions) except of [default_rollup](#default_rollup) and [rate](#rate). This value is known as `$__interval` in Grafana or `1i` in MetricsQL.
For example, `avg_over_time(temperature)` is automatically transformed to `avg_over_time(temperature[1i])`.
- To the `max(step, scrape_interval)`, where `scrape_interval` is the interval between [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
for [default_rollup](#default_rollup) and [rate](#rate) functions. This allows avoiding unexpected gaps on the graph when `step` is smaller than `scrape_interval`.
`count_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the number of raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [count_le_over_time](#count_le_over_time), [count_gt_over_time](#count_gt_over_time), [count_eq_over_time](#count_eq_over_time) and [count_ne_over_time](#count_ne_over_time).
`count_values_over_time("label", series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which counts the number of raw samples
with the same value over the given lookbehind window and stores the counts in a time series with an additional `label`, which contains each initial value.
The results are calculated independently per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [count_eq_over_time](#count_eq_over_time), [count_values](#count_values) and [distinct_over_time](#distinct_over_time) and [label_match](#label_match).
`decreases_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the number of raw sample value decreases
over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [increases_over_time](#increases_over_time).
`default_rollup(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the last raw sample value on the given lookbehind window `d`
per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
If the lookbehind window is skipped in square brackets, then it is automatically calculated as `max(step, scrape_interval)`, where `step` is the query arg value
passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query) or [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query),
while `scrape_interval` is the interval between [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) for the selected time series.
This allows avoiding unexpected gaps on the graph when `step` is smaller than the `scrape_interval`.
`distinct_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the number of distinct raw sample values
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`first_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the first raw sample value
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
See also [last_over_time](#last_over_time) and [tfirst_over_time](#tfirst_over_time).
`geomean_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates [geometric mean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean)
over raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned
from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`histogram_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates
[VictoriaMetrics histogram](https://godoc.org/github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics#Histogram) over raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d`.
It is calculated individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
The resulting histograms are useful to pass to [histogram_quantile](#histogram_quantile) for calculating quantiles
over multiple [gauges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#gauge).
For example, the following query calculates median temperature by country over the last 24 hours:
`histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(histogram_over_time(temperature[24h])) by (vmrange,country))`.
`holt_winters(series_selector[d], sf, tf)` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates Holt-Winters value
(aka [double exponential smoothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_smoothing#Double_exponential_smoothing)) for raw samples
over the given lookbehind window `d` using the given smoothing factor `sf` and the given trend factor `tf`.
Both `sf` and `tf` must be in the range `[0...1]`. It is expected that the [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering)
returns time series of [gauge type](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#gauge).
`idelta(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the difference between the last two raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`increase_prometheus(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the increase
over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
It is expected that the `series_selector` returns time series of [counter type](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#counter).
It doesn't take into account the last sample before the given lookbehind window `d` when calculating the result in the same way as Prometheus does.
See [this article](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e) for details.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [increase_pure](#increase_pure) and [increase](#increase).
`increases_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the number of raw sample value increases
over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [decreases_over_time](#decreases_over_time).
`integrate(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the integral over raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d`
per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`irate(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the "instant" per-second increase rate over the last two raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
It is expected that the `series_selector` returns time series of [counter type](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#counter).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`last_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the last raw sample value on the given lookbehind window `d`
per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`lifetime(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the duration in seconds between the last and the first sample
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [duration_over_time](#duration_over_time) and [lag](#lag).
`mad_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates [median absolute deviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation)
over raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`max_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the maximum value over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`min_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the minimum value over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`mode_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates [mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics))
for raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d`. It is calculated individually per each time series returned
from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering). It is expected that raw sample values are discrete.
`outlier_iqr_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the last sample on the given lookbehind window `d`
if its value is either smaller than the `q25-1.5*iqr` or bigger than `q75+1.5*iqr` where:
-`iqr` is an [Interquartile range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range) over raw samples on the lookbehind window `d`
-`q25` and `q75` are 25th and 75th [percentiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile) over raw samples on the lookbehind window `d`.
The `outlier_iqr_over_time()` is useful for detecting anomalies in gauge values based on the previous history of values.
For example, `outlier_iqr_over_time(memory_usage_bytes[1h])` triggers when `memory_usage_bytes` suddenly goes outside the usual value range for the last hour.
`quantile_over_time(phi, series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates `phi`-quantile over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`range_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates value range over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
E.g. it calculates `max_over_time(series_selector[d]) - min_over_time(series_selector[d])`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`rate(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the average per-second increase rate
over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
It is expected that the `series_selector` returns time series of [counter type](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#counter).
If the lookbehind window is skipped in square brackets, then it is automatically calculated as `max(step, scrape_interval)`, where `step` is the query arg value
passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query) or [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query),
while `scrape_interval` is the interval between [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) for the selected time series.
This allows avoiding unexpected gaps on the graph when `step` is smaller than the `scrape_interval`.
`rollup(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates `min`, `max` and `avg` values for raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns them in time series with `rollup="min"`, `rollup="max"` and `rollup="avg"` additional labels.
These values are calculated individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`rollup_candlestick(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates `open`, `high`, `low` and `close` values (aka OHLC)
over raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns them in time series with `rollup="open"`, `rollup="high"`, `rollup="low"` and `rollup="close"` additional labels.
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned
from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering). This function is useful for financial applications.
`rollup_delta(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates differences between adjacent raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns `min`, `max` and `avg` values for the calculated differences
and returns them in time series with `rollup="min"`, `rollup="max"` and `rollup="avg"` additional labels.
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`rollup_deriv(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates per-second derivatives
for adjacent raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns `min`, `max` and `avg` values for the calculated per-second derivatives
and returns them in time series with `rollup="min"`, `rollup="max"` and `rollup="avg"` additional labels.
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
`rollup_increase(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates increases for adjacent raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns `min`, `max` and `avg` values for the calculated increases
and returns them in time series with `rollup="min"`, `rollup="max"` and `rollup="avg"` additional labels.
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names. See also [rollup_delta](#rollup_delta).
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`rollup_scrape_interval(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the interval in seconds between
adjacent raw samples on the given lookbehind window `d` and returns `min`, `max` and `avg` values for the calculated interval
and returns them in time series with `rollup="min"`, `rollup="max"` and `rollup="avg"` additional labels.
The calculations are performed individually per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names. See also [scrape_interval](#scrape_interval).
`scrape_interval(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the average interval in seconds between raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [rollup_scrape_interval](#rollup_scrape_interval).
`stddev_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates standard deviation over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`stdvar_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates standard variance over raw samples
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`sum_eq_over_time(series_selector[d], eq)` is a [rollup function](#rollup-function), which calculates the sum of raw sample values equal to `eq`
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [sum_over_time](#sum_over_time) and [count_eq_over_time](#count_eq_over_time).
#### sum_gt_over_time
`sum_gt_over_time(series_selector[d], gt)` is a [rollup function](#rollup-function), which calculates the sum of raw sample values bigger than `gt`
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [sum_over_time](#sum_over_time) and [count_gt_over_time](#count_gt_over_time).
#### sum_le_over_time
`sum_le_over_time(series_selector[d], le)` is a [rollup function](#rollup-function), which calculates the sum of raw sample values smaller or equal to `le`
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
See also [sum_over_time](#sum_over_time) and [count_le_over_time](#count_le_over_time).
`sum_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the sum of raw sample values
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`sum2_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the sum of squares for raw sample values
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`timestamp(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the last raw sample
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`timestamp_with_name(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the last raw sample
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are preserved in the resulting rollups.
`tfirst_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the first raw sample
on the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering).
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`tlast_change_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the last change
per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering) on the given lookbehind window `d`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`tmax_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the raw sample
`tmin_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns the timestamp in seconds with millisecond precision for the raw sample
`zscore_over_time(series_selector[d])` is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which returns [z-score](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score)
`acos(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns [inverse cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions)
for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`acosh(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns
[inverse hyperbolic cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions#Inverse_hyperbolic_cosine) for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`asinh(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns
[inverse hyperbolic sine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions#Inverse_hyperbolic_sine) for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`atan(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns [inverse tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions)
for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`atanh(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns
[inverse hyperbolic tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions#Inverse_hyperbolic_tangent) for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`bitmap_and(q, mask)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates bitwise `v & mask` for every `v` point of every time series returned from `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`bitmap_or(q, mask)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates bitwise `v | mask` for every `v` point of every time series returned from `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`bitmap_xor(q, mask)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates bitwise `v ^ mask` for every `v` point of every time series returned from `q`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`ceil(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which rounds every point for every time series returned by `q` to the upper nearest integer.
`clamp(q, min, max)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which clamps every point for every time series returned by `q` with the given `min` and `max` values.
`clamp_max(q, max)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which clamps every point for every time series returned by `q` with the given `max` value.
`clamp_min(q, min)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which clamps every point for every time series returned by `q` with the given `min` value.
`day_of_month(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns the day of month for every point of every time series returned by `q`.
It is expected that `q` returns unix timestamps. The returned values are in the range `[1...31]`.
Metric names are stripped from the resulting series. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
`floor(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which rounds every point for every time series returned by `q` to the lower nearest integer.
`histogram_quantile(phi, buckets)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates `phi`-[percentile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile)
over the given [histogram buckets](https://valyala.medium.com/improving-histogram-usability-for-prometheus-and-grafana-bc7e5df0e350).
would return median request duration for all the requests during the last 5 minutes.
The function accepts optional third arg - `boundsLabel`. In this case it returns `lower` and `upper` bounds for the estimated percentile with the given `boundsLabel` label.
See [this issue for details](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/5706).
`histogram_quantiles("phiLabel", phi1, ..., phiN, buckets)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates the given `phi*`-quantiles
over the given [histogram buckets](https://valyala.medium.com/improving-histogram-usability-for-prometheus-and-grafana-bc7e5df0e350).
Argument `phi*` must be in the range `[0...1]`. For example, `histogram_quantiles('le', 0.3, 0.5, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]) by (le))`.
Each calculated quantile is returned in a separate time series with the corresponding `{phiLabel="phi*"}` label.
See also [histogram_quantile](#histogram_quantile).
The function accepts optional third arg - `boundsLabel`. In this case it returns `lower` and `upper` bounds for the estimated share with the given `boundsLabel` label.
`rand_exponential(seed)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns pseudo-random numbers
with [exponential distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution). Optional `seed` can be used as a seed for pseudo-random number generator.
See also [rand](#rand) and [rand_normal](#rand_normal).
`rand_normal(seed)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns pseudo-random numbers
with [normal distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution). Optional `seed` can be used as a seed for pseudo-random number generator.
See also [rand](#rand) and [rand_exponential](#rand_exponential).
`range_linear_regression(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates [simple linear regression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression)
over the selected time range per each time series returned by `q`. This function is useful for capacity planning and predictions.
`range_mad(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates the [median absolute deviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation)
across points per each time series returned by `q`.
See also [mad](#mad) and [mad_over_time](#mad_over_time).
`range_median(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates the median value across points per each time series returned by `q`.
`range_normalize(q1, ...)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which normalizes values for time series returned by `q1, ...` into `[0 ... 1]` range.
This function is useful for correlating time series with distinct value ranges.
`range_quantile(phi, q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns `phi`-quantile across points per each time series returned by `q`.
`range_stddev(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates [standard deviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation)
per each time series returned by `q` on the selected time range.
#### range_stdvar
`range_stdvar(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates [standard variance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance)
per each time series returned by `q` on the selected time range.
`range_trim_spikes(phi, q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which drops `phi` percent of biggest spikes from time series returned by `q`.
The `phi` must be in the range `[0..1]`, where `0` means `0%` and `1` means `100%`.
`round(q, nearest)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which rounds every point of every time series returned by `q` to the `nearest` multiple.
If `nearest` is missing then the rounding is performed to the nearest integer.
`ru(free, max)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which calculates resource utilization in the range `[0%...100%]` for the given `free` and `max` resources.
For instance, `ru(node_memory_MemFree_bytes, node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)` returns memory utilization over [node_exporter](https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter) metrics.
`scalar(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which returns `q` if `q` contains only a single time series. Otherwise, it returns nothing.
`sort(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which sorts series in ascending order by the last point in every time series returned by `q`.
`sort_desc(q)` is a [transform function](#transform-functions), which sorts series in descending order by the last point in every time series returned by `q`.
`alias(q, "name")` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which sets the given `name` to all the time series returned by `q`.
For example, `alias(up, "foobar")` would rename `up` series to `foobar` series.
`label_graphite_group(q, groupNum1, ... groupNumN)` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which replaces metric names
returned from `q` with the given Graphite group values concatenated via `.` char.
For example, `label_graphite_group({__graphite__="foo*.bar.*"}, 0, 2)` would substitute `foo<any_value>.bar.<other_value>` metric names with `foo<any_value>.<other_value>`.
This function is useful for aggregating Graphite metrics with [aggregate functions](#aggregate-functions). For example, the following query would return per-app memory usage:
`labels_equal(q, "label1", "label2", ...)` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which returns `q` series with identical values for the listed labels
"label1", "label2", etc.
See also [label_match](#label_match) and [label_mismatch](#label_mismatch).
`sort_by_label(q, "label1", ... "labelN")` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which sorts series in ascending order by the given set of labels.
`sort_by_label_desc(q, "label1", ... "labelN")` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which sorts series in descending order by the given set of labels.
`sort_by_label_numeric(q, "label1", ... "labelN")` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which sorts series in ascending order by the given set of labels
`sort_by_label_numeric_desc(q, "label1", ... "labelN")` is [label manipulation function](#label-manipulation-functions), which sorts series in descending order
by the given set of labels using [numeric sort](https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/Version-sort-is-not-the-same-as-numeric-sort.html).
For example, if `foo` series have `bar` label with values `1`, `101`, `15` and `2`, then `sort_by_label_numeric(foo, "bar")`
would return series in the following order of `bar` label values: `101`, `15`, `2` and `1`.
See also [sort_by_label_numeric](#sort_by_label_numeric) and [sort_by_label_desc](#sort_by_label_desc).
would group [rollup results](#rollup-functions) by all the labels except `instance` before calculating [count](#count) aggregate function independently per each group.
`any(q) by (group_labels)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns a single series per `group_labels` out of time series returned by `q`.
`avg(q) by (group_labels)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns the average value per `group_labels` for time series returned by `q`.
The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`bottomk(k, q)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` points with the smallest values across all the time series returned by `q`.
The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`bottomk_avg(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the smallest averages.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `bottomk_avg(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series
with the smallest averages plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`bottomk_last(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the smallest last values.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `bottomk_max(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series
with the smallest maximums plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`bottomk_max(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the smallest maximums.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `bottomk_max(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series
with the smallest maximums plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`bottomk_median(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the smallest medians.
If an optional`other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `bottomk_median(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series
with the smallest medians plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`bottomk_min(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the smallest minimums.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `bottomk_min(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series
with the smallest minimums plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`distinct(q)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which calculates the number of unique values per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`mad(q) by (group_labels)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns the [Median absolute deviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation)
per each `group_labels` for all the time series returned by `q`. The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`mode(q) by (group_labels)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns [mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics))
per each `group_labels` for all the time series returned by `q`. The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`outliers_iqr(q)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns time series from `q` with at least a single point
outside e.g. [Interquartile range outlier bounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range) `[q25-1.5*iqr .. q75+1.5*iqr]`
comparing to other time series at the given point, where:
-`iqr` is an [Interquartile range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range) calculated independently per each point on the graph across `q` series.
-`q25` and `q75` are 25th and 75th [percentiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile) calculated independently per each point on the graph across `q` series.
The `outliers_iqr()` is useful for detecting anomalous series in the group of series. For example, `outliers_iqr(temperature) by (country)` returns
per-country series with anomalous outlier values comparing to the rest of per-country series.
See also [outliers_mad](#outliers_mad), [outliersk](#outliersk) and [outlier_iqr_over_time](#outlier_iqr_over_time).
`outliersk(k, q)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series with the biggest standard deviation (aka outliers)
`topk(k, q)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` points with the biggest values across all the time series returned by `q`.
The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
`topk_avg(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the biggest averages.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `topk_avg(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series with the biggest averages
plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`topk_last(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the biggest last values.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `topk_max(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series with the biggest maximums
plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`topk_max(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the biggest maximums.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `topk_max(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series with the biggest maximums
plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`topk_median(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the biggest medians.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `topk_median(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series with the biggest medians
plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`topk_min(k, q, "other_label=other_value")` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns up to `k` time series from `q` with the biggest minimums.
If an optional `other_label=other_value` arg is set, then the sum of the remaining time series is returned with the given label.
For example, `topk_min(3, sum(process_resident_memory_bytes) by (job), "job=other")` would return up to 3 time series with the biggest minimums
plus a time series with `{job="other"}` label with the sum of the remaining series if any.
`zscore(q) by (group_labels)` is [aggregate function](#aggregate-functions), which returns [z-score](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score) values
per each `group_labels` for all the time series returned by `q`. The aggregate is calculated individually per each group of points with the same timestamp.
This function is useful for detecting anomalies in the group of related time series.
MetricsQL supports and extends PromQL subqueries. See [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-subqueries-in-victoriametrics-9b1492b720b3) for details.
Any [rollup function](#rollup-functions) for something other than [series selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#filtering) form a subquery.
Nested rollup functions can be implicit thanks to the [implicit query conversions](#implicit-query-conversions).
* If lookbehind window in square brackets is missing inside [rollup function](#rollup-functions), then it is automatically set to the following value:
- To `step` value passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query) or [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query)
for all the [rollup functions](#rollup-functions) except of [default_rollup](#default_rollup) and [rate](#rate). This value is known as `$__interval` in Grafana or `1i` in MetricsQL.
For example, `avg_over_time(temperature)` is automatically transformed to `avg_over_time(temperature[1i])`.
- To the `max(step, scrape_interval)`, where `scrape_interval` is the interval between [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
for [default_rollup](#default_rollup) and [rate](#rate) functions. This allows avoiding unexpected gaps on the graph when `step` is smaller than `scrape_interval`.
