VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metric_name.go

package storage

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompb"
)

const (
	escapeChar       = 0
	tagSeparatorChar = 1
	kvSeparatorChar  = 2
)

// Tag represents a (key, value) tag for metric.
type Tag struct {
	Key   []byte
	Value []byte
}

// Reset resets the tag.
func (tag *Tag) Reset() {
	tag.Key = tag.Key[:0]
	tag.Value = tag.Value[:0]
}

// Equal returns true if tag equals t
func (tag *Tag) Equal(t *Tag) bool {
	return string(tag.Key) == string(t.Key) && string(tag.Value) == string(t.Value)
}

// Marshal appends marshaled tag to dst and returns the result.
func (tag *Tag) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
	dst = marshalTagValue(dst, tag.Key)
	dst = marshalTagValue(dst, tag.Value)
	return dst
}

// Unmarshal unmarshals tag from src and returns the remaining data from src.
func (tag *Tag) Unmarshal(src []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	var err error
	src, tag.Key, err = unmarshalTagValue(tag.Key[:0], src)
	if err != nil {
		return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal key: %w", err)
	}
	src, tag.Value, err = unmarshalTagValue(tag.Value[:0], src)
	if err != nil {
		return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal value: %w", err)
	}
	return src, nil
}

func (tag *Tag) copyFrom(src *Tag) {
	tag.Key = append(tag.Key[:0], src.Key...)
	tag.Value = append(tag.Value[:0], src.Value...)
}

func marshalTagValueNoTrailingTagSeparator(dst []byte, src string) []byte {
	dst = marshalTagValue(dst, bytesutil.ToUnsafeBytes(src))
	// Remove trailing tagSeparatorChar
	return dst[:len(dst)-1]
}

func marshalTagValue(dst, src []byte) []byte {
	n1 := bytes.IndexByte(src, escapeChar)
	n2 := bytes.IndexByte(src, tagSeparatorChar)
	n3 := bytes.IndexByte(src, kvSeparatorChar)
	if n1 < 0 && n2 < 0 && n3 < 0 {
		// Fast path.
		dst = append(dst, src...)
		dst = append(dst, tagSeparatorChar)
		return dst
	}

	// Slow path.
	for _, ch := range src {
		switch ch {
		case escapeChar:
			dst = append(dst, escapeChar, '0')
		case tagSeparatorChar:
			dst = append(dst, escapeChar, '1')
		case kvSeparatorChar:
			dst = append(dst, escapeChar, '2')
		default:
			dst = append(dst, ch)
		}
	}

	dst = append(dst, tagSeparatorChar)
	return dst
}

func unmarshalTagValue(dst, src []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
	n := bytes.IndexByte(src, tagSeparatorChar)
	if n < 0 {
		return src, dst, fmt.Errorf("cannot find the end of tag value")
	}
	b := src[:n]
	src = src[n+1:]
	for {
		n := bytes.IndexByte(b, escapeChar)
		if n < 0 {
			dst = append(dst, b...)
			return src, dst, nil
		}
		dst = append(dst, b[:n]...)
		b = b[n+1:]
		if len(b) == 0 {
			return src, dst, fmt.Errorf("missing escaped char")
		}
		switch b[0] {
		case '0':
			dst = append(dst, escapeChar)
		case '1':
			dst = append(dst, tagSeparatorChar)
		case '2':
			dst = append(dst, kvSeparatorChar)
		default:
			return src, dst, fmt.Errorf("unsupported escaped char: %c", b[0])
		}
		b = b[1:]
	}
}

// MetricName reperesents a metric name.
type MetricName struct {
	AccountID uint32
	ProjectID uint32

	MetricGroup []byte

	// Tags are optional. They must be sorted by tag Key for canonical view.
	// Use sortTags method.
	Tags []Tag
}

// GetMetricName returns a MetricName from pool.
func GetMetricName() *MetricName {
	v := mnPool.Get()
	if v == nil {
		return &MetricName{}
	}
	return v.(*MetricName)
}

// PutMetricName returns mn to the pool.
func PutMetricName(mn *MetricName) {
	mn.Reset()
	mnPool.Put(mn)
}

var mnPool sync.Pool

// Reset resets the mn.
func (mn *MetricName) Reset() {
	mn.AccountID = 0
	mn.ProjectID = 0
	mn.MetricGroup = mn.MetricGroup[:0]
	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
}

// MoveFrom moves src to mn.
//
// The src is reset after the call.
func (mn *MetricName) MoveFrom(src *MetricName) {
	*mn = *src
	*src = MetricName{}
}

// CopyFrom copies src to mn.
func (mn *MetricName) CopyFrom(src *MetricName) {
	mn.AccountID = src.AccountID
	mn.ProjectID = src.ProjectID
	if cap(mn.MetricGroup) > 0 {
		mn.MetricGroup = append(mn.MetricGroup[:0], src.MetricGroup...)
		mn.Tags = copyTags(mn.Tags[:0], src.Tags)
		return
	}

	// Pre-allocate a single byte slice for MetricGroup + all the tags.
	// This reduces the number of memory allocations for zero mn.
	size := len(src.MetricGroup)
	for i := range src.Tags {
		tag := &src.Tags[i]
		size += len(tag.Key)
		size += len(tag.Value)
	}
	b := make([]byte, 0, size)

	b = append(b, src.MetricGroup...)
	mn.MetricGroup = b[:len(b):len(b)]

	mn.Tags = make([]Tag, len(src.Tags))
	for i := range src.Tags {
		st := &src.Tags[i]
		dt := &mn.Tags[i]
		b = append(b, st.Key...)
		dt.Key = b[len(b)-len(st.Key) : len(b) : len(b)]
		b = append(b, st.Value...)
		dt.Value = b[len(b)-len(st.Value) : len(b) : len(b)]
	}
}

// AddTag adds new tag to mn with the given key and value.
func (mn *MetricName) AddTag(key, value string) {
	if key == string(metricGroupTagKey) {
		mn.MetricGroup = append(mn.MetricGroup, value...)
		return
	}
	tag := mn.addNextTag()
	tag.Key = append(tag.Key[:0], key...)
	tag.Value = append(tag.Value[:0], value...)
}

// AddTagBytes adds new tag to mn with the given key and value.
func (mn *MetricName) AddTagBytes(key, value []byte) {
	if string(key) == string(metricGroupTagKey) {
		mn.MetricGroup = append(mn.MetricGroup, value...)
		return
	}
	tag := mn.addNextTag()
	tag.Key = append(tag.Key[:0], key...)
	tag.Value = append(tag.Value[:0], value...)
}

func (mn *MetricName) addNextTag() *Tag {
	if len(mn.Tags) < cap(mn.Tags) {
		mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:len(mn.Tags)+1]
	} else {
		mn.Tags = append(mn.Tags, Tag{})
	}
	return &mn.Tags[len(mn.Tags)-1]
}

// ResetMetricGroup resets mn.MetricGroup
func (mn *MetricName) ResetMetricGroup() {
	mn.MetricGroup = mn.MetricGroup[:0]
}

var metricGroupTagKey = []byte("__name__")

// RemoveTagsOn removes all the tags not included to onTags.
func (mn *MetricName) RemoveTagsOn(onTags []string) {
	if !hasTag(onTags, metricGroupTagKey) {
		mn.ResetMetricGroup()
	}
	tags := mn.Tags
	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
	if len(onTags) == 0 {
		return
	}
	for i := range tags {
		tag := &tags[i]
		if hasTag(onTags, tag.Key) {
			mn.AddTagBytes(tag.Key, tag.Value)
		}
	}
}

// RemoveTag removes a tag with the given tagKey
func (mn *MetricName) RemoveTag(tagKey string) {
	if tagKey == "__name__" {
		mn.ResetMetricGroup()
		return
	}
	tags := mn.Tags
	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
	for i := range tags {
		tag := &tags[i]
		if string(tag.Key) != tagKey {
			mn.AddTagBytes(tag.Key, tag.Value)
		}
	}
}

// RemoveTagsIgnoring removes all the tags included in ignoringTags.
func (mn *MetricName) RemoveTagsIgnoring(ignoringTags []string) {
	if len(ignoringTags) == 0 {
		return
	}
	if hasTag(ignoringTags, metricGroupTagKey) {
		mn.ResetMetricGroup()
	}
	tags := mn.Tags
	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
	for i := range tags {
		tag := &tags[i]
		if !hasTag(ignoringTags, tag.Key) {
			mn.AddTagBytes(tag.Key, tag.Value)
		}
	}
}

// GetTagValue returns tag value for the given tagKey.
func (mn *MetricName) GetTagValue(tagKey string) []byte {
	if tagKey == "__name__" {
		return mn.MetricGroup
	}
	tags := mn.Tags
	for i := range tags {
		tag := &tags[i]
		if string(tag.Key) == tagKey {
			return tag.Value
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// SetTags sets tags from src with keys matching addTags.
//
// It adds prefix to copied label names.
// skipTags contains a list of tags, which must be skipped.
func (mn *MetricName) SetTags(addTags []string, prefix string, skipTags []string, src *MetricName) {
	if len(addTags) == 1 && addTags[0] == "*" {
		// Special case for copying all the tags except of skipTags from src to mn.
		mn.setAllTags(prefix, skipTags, src)
		return
	}
	bb := bbPool.Get()
	for _, tagName := range addTags {
		if containsString(skipTags, tagName) {
			continue
		}
		if tagName == string(metricGroupTagKey) {
			mn.MetricGroup = append(mn.MetricGroup[:0], src.MetricGroup...)
			continue
		}
		var srcTag *Tag
		for i := range src.Tags {
			t := &src.Tags[i]
			if string(t.Key) == tagName {
				srcTag = t
				break
			}
		}
		if srcTag == nil {
			mn.RemoveTag(tagName)
			continue
		}
		bb.B = append(bb.B[:0], prefix...)
		bb.B = append(bb.B, tagName...)
		mn.SetTagBytes(bb.B, srcTag.Value)
	}
	bbPool.Put(bb)
}

var bbPool bytesutil.ByteBufferPool

// SetTagBytes sets tag with the given key to the given value.
func (mn *MetricName) SetTagBytes(key, value []byte) {
	for i := range mn.Tags {
		t := &mn.Tags[i]
		if string(t.Key) == string(key) {
			t.Value = append(t.Value[:0], value...)
			return
		}
	}
	mn.AddTagBytes(key, value)
}

func (mn *MetricName) setAllTags(prefix string, skipTags []string, src *MetricName) {
	bb := bbPool.Get()
	for _, tag := range src.Tags {
		if containsString(skipTags, bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(tag.Key)) {
			continue
		}
		bb.B = append(bb.B[:0], prefix...)
		bb.B = append(bb.B, tag.Key...)
		mn.SetTagBytes(bb.B, tag.Value)
	}
	bbPool.Put(bb)
}

func containsString(a []string, s string) bool {
	for _, x := range a {
		if x == s {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func hasTag(tags []string, key []byte) bool {
	for _, t := range tags {
		if t == string(key) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// String returns user-readable representation of the metric name.
func (mn *MetricName) String() string {
	var mnCopy MetricName
	mnCopy.CopyFrom(mn)
	mnCopy.sortTags()
	var tags []string
	for i := range mnCopy.Tags {
		t := &mnCopy.Tags[i]
		tags = append(tags, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", t.Key, t.Value))
	}
	tagsStr := strings.Join(tags, ",")
	return fmt.Sprintf("AccountID=%d, ProjectID=%d, %s{%s}", mnCopy.AccountID, mnCopy.ProjectID, mnCopy.MetricGroup, tagsStr)
}

// Marshal appends marshaled mn to dst and returns the result.
//
// mn.sortTags must be called before calling this function
// in order to sort and de-duplcate tags.
func (mn *MetricName) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
	// Calculate the required size and pre-allocate space in dst
	dstLen := len(dst)
	requiredSize := 8 + len(mn.MetricGroup) + 1
	for i := range mn.Tags {
		tag := &mn.Tags[i]
		requiredSize += len(tag.Key) + len(tag.Value) + 2
	}
	dst = bytesutil.ResizeWithCopyMayOverallocate(dst, requiredSize)[:dstLen]

	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, mn.AccountID)
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, mn.ProjectID)
	dst = marshalTagValue(dst, mn.MetricGroup)

	// Marshal tags.
	tags := mn.Tags
	for i := range tags {
		t := &tags[i]
		dst = t.Marshal(dst)
	}
	return dst
}

// UnmarshalString unmarshals mn from s
func (mn *MetricName) UnmarshalString(s string) error {
	b := bytesutil.ToUnsafeBytes(s)
	err := mn.Unmarshal(b)
	runtime.KeepAlive(s)
	return err
}

// Unmarshal unmarshals mn from src.
func (mn *MetricName) Unmarshal(src []byte) error {
	if len(src) < 8 {
		return fmt.Errorf("too short src: %d bytes; must be at least 8 bytes", len(src))
	}
	mn.AccountID = encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)
	mn.ProjectID = encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src[4:])
	src = src[8:]

	// Unmarshal MetricGroup.
	var err error
	src, mn.MetricGroup, err = unmarshalTagValue(mn.MetricGroup[:0], src)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal MetricGroup: %w", err)
	}

	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
	for len(src) > 0 {
		tag := mn.addNextTag()
		var err error
		src, err = tag.Unmarshal(src)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal tag: %w", err)
		}
	}

	// There is no need in verifying for identical tag keys,
	// since they must be handled by MetricName.sortTags before calling MetricName.Marshal.

	return nil
}

// MarshalNoAccountIDProjectID appends marshaled mn without AccountID and ProjectID
// to dst and returns the result.
//
// The result must be unmarshaled with UnmarshalNoAccountIDProjectID.
//
// It is expected that mn.Tags are already sorted and de-duplicated with mn.sortTags.
func (mn *MetricName) MarshalNoAccountIDProjectID(dst []byte) []byte {
	// Calculate the required size and pre-allocate space in dst
	dstLen := len(dst)
	requiredSize := len(mn.MetricGroup) + 1
	for i := range mn.Tags {
		tag := &mn.Tags[i]
		requiredSize += len(tag.Key) + len(tag.Value) + 2
	}
	dst = bytesutil.ResizeWithCopyMayOverallocate(dst, requiredSize)[:dstLen]

	dst = marshalTagValue(dst, mn.MetricGroup)
	tags := mn.Tags
	for i := range tags {
		t := &tags[i]
		dst = t.Marshal(dst)
	}
	return dst
}

// UnmarshalNoAccountIDProjectID unmarshals mn, which has been marshaled with MarshalNoAccountIDProjectID
func (mn *MetricName) UnmarshalNoAccountIDProjectID(src []byte) error {
	mn.AccountID = 0
	mn.ProjectID = 0

	// Unmarshal MetricGroup.
	var err error
	src, mn.MetricGroup, err = unmarshalTagValue(mn.MetricGroup[:0], src)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal MetricGroup: %w", err)
	}

	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:0]
	for len(src) > 0 {
		tag := mn.addNextTag()
		var err error
		src, err = tag.Unmarshal(src)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal tag: %w", err)
		}
	}

	// There is no need in verifying for identical tag keys,
	// since they must be handled by the caller (/api/v1/import/native)
	return nil
}

// The maximum length of label name.
//
// Longer names are truncated.
const maxLabelNameLen = 256

// The maximum length of label value.
//
// Longer values are truncated.
var maxLabelValueLen = 16 * 1024

// SetMaxLabelValueLen sets the limit on the label value length.
//
// This function can be called before using the storage package.
//
// Label values with longer length are truncated.
func SetMaxLabelValueLen(n int) {
	if n > 0 {
		maxLabelValueLen = n
	}
}

// The maximum number of labels per each timeseries.
var maxLabelsPerTimeseries = 30

// SetMaxLabelsPerTimeseries sets the limit on the number of labels
// per each time series.
//
// This function can be called before using the storage package.
//
// Superfluous labels are dropped.
func SetMaxLabelsPerTimeseries(maxLabels int) {
	if maxLabels > 0 {
		maxLabelsPerTimeseries = maxLabels
	}
}

// MarshalMetricNameRaw marshals labels to dst and returns the result.
//
// The result must be unmarshaled with MetricName.UnmarshalRaw
func MarshalMetricNameRaw(dst []byte, accountID, projectID uint32, labels []prompb.Label) []byte {
	// Calculate the required space for dst.
	dstLen := len(dst)
	dstSize := dstLen + 8
	for i := range labels {
		if i >= maxLabelsPerTimeseries {
			trackDroppedLabels(labels, labels[i:])
			break
		}
		label := &labels[i]
		if len(label.Name) > maxLabelNameLen {
			atomic.AddUint64(&TooLongLabelNames, 1)
			label.Name = label.Name[:maxLabelNameLen]
		}
		if len(label.Value) > maxLabelValueLen {
			trackTruncatedLabels(labels, label)
			label.Value = label.Value[:maxLabelValueLen]
		}
		if len(label.Value) == 0 {
			// Skip labels without values, since they have no sense in prometheus.
			continue
		}
		if string(label.Name) == "__name__" {
			label.Name = label.Name[:0]
		}
		dstSize += len(label.Name)
		dstSize += len(label.Value)
		dstSize += 4
	}
	dst = bytesutil.ResizeWithCopyMayOverallocate(dst, dstSize)[:dstLen]

	// Marshal labels to dst.
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, accountID)
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, projectID)
	for i := range labels {
		if i >= maxLabelsPerTimeseries {
			break
		}
		label := &labels[i]
		if len(label.Value) == 0 {
			// Skip labels without values, since they have no sense in prometheus.
			continue
		}
		dst = marshalStringFast(dst, label.Name)
		dst = marshalStringFast(dst, label.Value)
	}
	return dst
}

var (
	// MetricsWithDroppedLabels is the number of metrics with at least a single dropped label
	MetricsWithDroppedLabels uint64

	// TooLongLabelNames is the number of too long label names
	TooLongLabelNames uint64

	// TooLongLabelValues is the number of too long label values
	TooLongLabelValues uint64
)

func trackDroppedLabels(labels, droppedLabels []prompb.Label) {
	atomic.AddUint64(&MetricsWithDroppedLabels, 1)
	select {
	case <-droppedLabelsLogTicker.C:
		// Do not call logger.WithThrottler() here, since this will result in increased CPU usage
		// because labelsToString() will be called with each trackDroppedLabels call.
		logger.Warnf("dropping %d labels for %s; dropped labels: %s; either reduce the number of labels for this metric "+
			"or increase -maxLabelsPerTimeseries=%d command-line flag value",
			len(droppedLabels), labelsToString(labels), labelsToString(droppedLabels), maxLabelsPerTimeseries)
	default:
	}
}

func trackTruncatedLabels(labels []prompb.Label, truncated *prompb.Label) {
	atomic.AddUint64(&TooLongLabelValues, 1)
	select {
	case <-truncatedLabelsLogTicker.C:
		// Do not call logger.WithThrottler() here, since this will result in increased CPU usage
		// because labelsToString() will be called with each trackTruncatedLabels call.
		logger.Warnf("truncated label value as it exceeds configured maximal label value length: max %d, actual %d;"+
			" truncated label: %s; original labels: %s; either reduce the label value length or increase -maxLabelValueLen=%d;",
			maxLabelValueLen, len(truncated.Value), truncated.Name, labelsToString(labels), maxLabelValueLen)
	default:
	}
}

var droppedLabelsLogTicker = time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
var truncatedLabelsLogTicker = time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)

func labelsToString(labels []prompb.Label) string {
	labelsCopy := append([]prompb.Label{}, labels...)
	sort.Slice(labelsCopy, func(i, j int) bool {
		return string(labelsCopy[i].Name) < string(labelsCopy[j].Name)
	})
	var b []byte
	b = append(b, '{')
	for i, label := range labelsCopy {
		if len(label.Name) == 0 {
			b = append(b, "__name__"...)
		} else {
			b = append(b, label.Name...)
		}
		b = append(b, '=')
		b = strconv.AppendQuote(b, string(label.Value))
		if i < len(labels)-1 {
			b = append(b, ',')
		}
	}
	b = append(b, '}')
	return string(b)
}

// MarshalMetricLabelRaw marshals label to dst.
func MarshalMetricLabelRaw(dst []byte, label *prompb.Label) []byte {
	dst = marshalStringFast(dst, label.Name)
	dst = marshalStringFast(dst, label.Value)
	return dst
}

// marshalRaw marshals mn to dst and returns the result.
//
// The results may be unmarshaled with MetricName.UnmarshalRaw.
//
// This function is for testing purposes. MarshalMetricNameRaw must be used
// in prod instead.
func (mn *MetricName) marshalRaw(dst []byte) []byte {
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, mn.AccountID)
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, mn.ProjectID)
	dst = marshalBytesFast(dst, nil)
	dst = marshalBytesFast(dst, mn.MetricGroup)

	mn.sortTags()
	for i := range mn.Tags {
		tag := &mn.Tags[i]
		dst = marshalBytesFast(dst, tag.Key)
		dst = marshalBytesFast(dst, tag.Value)
	}
	return dst
}

// UnmarshalRaw unmarshals mn encoded with MarshalMetricNameRaw.
func (mn *MetricName) UnmarshalRaw(src []byte) error {
	mn.Reset()
	if len(src) < 4 {
		return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for decoding accountID; got %d bytes; %X; want at least 4 bytes", len(src), src)
	}
	mn.AccountID = encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)
	src = src[4:]
	if len(src) < 4 {
		return fmt.Errorf("not enough data for decoding projectID; got %d bytes; %X; want at least 4 bytes", len(src), src)
	}
	mn.ProjectID = encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)
	src = src[4:]
	for len(src) > 0 {
		tail, key, err := unmarshalBytesFast(src)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot decode key: %w", err)
		}
		src = tail

		tail, value, err := unmarshalBytesFast(src)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot decode value: %w", err)
		}
		src = tail

		if len(key) == 0 {
			mn.MetricGroup = append(mn.MetricGroup[:0], value...)
		} else {
			mn.AddTagBytes(key, value)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func marshalStringFast(dst []byte, s string) []byte {
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint16(dst, uint16(len(s)))
	dst = append(dst, s...)
	return dst
}

func marshalBytesFast(dst []byte, s []byte) []byte {
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint16(dst, uint16(len(s)))
	dst = append(dst, s...)
	return dst
}

func unmarshalBytesFast(src []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
	if len(src) < 2 {
		return src, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot decode size form src=%X; it must be at least 2 bytes", src)
	}
	n := encoding.UnmarshalUint16(src)
	src = src[2:]
	if len(src) < int(n) {
		return src, nil, fmt.Errorf("too short src=%X; it must be at least %d bytes", src, n)
	}
	return src[n:], src[:n], nil
}

// sortTags sorts tags in mn to canonical form needed for storing in the index.
//
// The sortTags tries moving job-like tag to mn.Tags[0], while instance-like tag to mn.Tags[1].
// See commonTagKeys list for job-like and instance-like tags.
// This guarantees that indexdb entries for the same (job, instance) are located
// close to each other on disk. This reduces disk seeks and disk read IO when metrics
// for a particular job and/or instance are read from the disk.
//
// The function also de-duplicates tags with identical keys in mn. The last tag value
// for duplicate tags wins.
//
// Tags sorting is quite slow, so try avoiding it by caching mn
// with sorted tags.
func (mn *MetricName) sortTags() {
	if len(mn.Tags) == 0 {
		return
	}

	cts := getCanonicalTags()
	if n := len(mn.Tags) - cap(cts.tags); n > 0 {
		cts.tags = append(cts.tags[:cap(cts.tags)], make([]canonicalTag, n)...)
	}
	dst := cts.tags[:len(mn.Tags)]
	for i := range mn.Tags {
		tag := &mn.Tags[i]
		ct := &dst[i]
		ct.key = normalizeTagKey(tag.Key)
		ct.tag.copyFrom(tag)
	}
	cts.tags = dst

	// Use sort.Stable instead of sort.Sort in order to preserve the order of tags with duplicate keys.
	// The last tag value wins for tags with duplicate keys.
	// Use sort.Stable instead of sort.SliceStable, since sort.SliceStable allocates a lot.
	sort.Stable(&cts.tags)

	j := 0
	var prevKey []byte
	for i := range cts.tags {
		tag := &cts.tags[i].tag
		if j > 0 && bytes.Equal(tag.Key, prevKey) {
			// Overwrite the previous tag with duplicate key.
			j--
		} else {
			prevKey = tag.Key
		}
		mn.Tags[j].copyFrom(tag)
		j++
	}
	mn.Tags = mn.Tags[:j]

	putCanonicalTags(cts)
}

func getCanonicalTags() *canonicalTags {
	v := canonicalTagsPool.Get()
	if v == nil {
		return &canonicalTags{}
	}
	return v.(*canonicalTags)
}

func putCanonicalTags(cts *canonicalTags) {
	cts.tags = cts.tags[:0]
	canonicalTagsPool.Put(cts)
}

var canonicalTagsPool sync.Pool

type canonicalTags struct {
	tags canonicalTagsSort
}

type canonicalTag struct {
	key []byte
	tag Tag
}

type canonicalTagsSort []canonicalTag

func (ts *canonicalTagsSort) Len() int { return len(*ts) }
func (ts *canonicalTagsSort) Less(i, j int) bool {
	x := *ts
	return string(x[i].key) < string(x[j].key)
}
func (ts *canonicalTagsSort) Swap(i, j int) {
	x := *ts
	x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
}

func copyTags(dst, src []Tag) []Tag {
	dstLen := len(dst)
	if n := dstLen + len(src) - cap(dst); n > 0 {
		dst = append(dst[:cap(dst)], make([]Tag, n)...)
	}
	dst = dst[:dstLen+len(src)]
	for i := range src {
		dst[dstLen+i].copyFrom(&src[i])
	}
	return dst
}

var commonTagKeys = func() map[string][]byte {
	lcm := map[string][]byte{
		// job-like tags must go first in MetricName.Tags.
		// This should improve data locality.
		// They start with \x00\x00.
		// Do not change values!
		//
		// TODO: add more job-like tags.
		"namespace":   []byte("\x00\x00\x00"),
		"ns":          []byte("\x00\x00\x01"),
		"datacenter":  []byte("\x00\x00\x08"),
		"dc":          []byte("\x00\x00\x09"),
		"environment": []byte("\x00\x00\x0c"),
		"env":         []byte("\x00\x00\x0d"),
		"cluster":     []byte("\x00\x00\x10"),
		"service":     []byte("\x00\x00\x18"),
		"job":         []byte("\x00\x00\x20"),
		"model":       []byte("\x00\x00\x28"),
		"type":        []byte("\x00\x00\x30"),
		"sensor_type": []byte("\x00\x00\x38"),
		"SensorType":  []byte("\x00\x00\x38"),
		"db":          []byte("\x00\x00\x40"),

		// instance-like tags must go second in MetricName.Tags.
		// This should improve data locality.
		// They start with \x00\x01.
		// Do not change values!
		//
		// TODO: add more instance-like tags.
		"instance":    []byte("\x00\x01\x00"),
		"host":        []byte("\x00\x01\x08"),
		"server":      []byte("\x00\x01\x10"),
		"pod":         []byte("\x00\x01\x18"),
		"node":        []byte("\x00\x01\x20"),
		"device":      []byte("\x00\x01\x28"),
		"tenant":      []byte("\x00\x01\x30"),
		"client":      []byte("\x00\x01\x38"),
		"name":        []byte("\x00\x01\x40"),
		"measurement": []byte("\x00\x01\x48"),
	}

	// Generate Upper-case variants of lc
	m := make(map[string][]byte, len(lcm)*2)
	for k, v := range lcm {
		s := strings.ToUpper(k[:1]) + k[1:]
		m[k] = v
		m[s] = v
	}
	return m
}()

func normalizeTagKey(key []byte) []byte {
	tagKey := commonTagKeys[string(key)]
	if tagKey == nil {
		return key
	}
	return tagKey
}