VictoriaMetrics/app/vmselect/promql/rollup_result_cache.go
Aliaksandr Valialkin c4638553a3
lib/fs: rename WriteFileAtomically to MustWriteAtomic
Callers of this function log the returned error and exit.
So let's just log the error with the given filepath and the call stack
inside the function itself and then exit. This simplifies the code
at callers' place while leaves the same level of debuggability in case of errors.
2023-04-13 22:43:30 -07:00

648 lines
21 KiB
Go

package promql
import (
"crypto/rand"
"flag"
"fmt"
"os"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/auth"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fasttime"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fs"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/memory"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/workingsetcache"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metricsql"
)
var (
cacheTimestampOffset = flag.Duration("search.cacheTimestampOffset", 5*time.Minute, "The maximum duration since the current time for response data, "+
"which is always queried from the original raw data, without using the response cache. Increase this value if you see gaps in responses "+
"due to time synchronization issues between VictoriaMetrics and data sources")
)
var rollupResultCacheV = &rollupResultCache{
c: workingsetcache.New(1024 * 1024), // This is a cache for testing.
}
var rollupResultCachePath string
func getRollupResultCacheSize() int {
rollupResultCacheSizeOnce.Do(func() {
n := memory.Allowed() / 8
if n <= 0 {
n = 1024 * 1024
}
rollupResultCacheSize = n
})
return rollupResultCacheSize
}
var (
rollupResultCacheSize int
rollupResultCacheSizeOnce sync.Once
)
// InitRollupResultCache initializes the rollupResult cache
//
// if cachePath is empty, then the cache isn't stored to persistent disk.
//
// ResetRollupResultCache must be called when the cache must be reset.
// StopRollupResultCache must be called when the cache isn't needed anymore.
func InitRollupResultCache(cachePath string) {
rollupResultCachePath = cachePath
startTime := time.Now()
cacheSize := getRollupResultCacheSize()
var c *workingsetcache.Cache
if len(rollupResultCachePath) > 0 {
logger.Infof("loading rollupResult cache from %q...", rollupResultCachePath)
c = workingsetcache.Load(rollupResultCachePath, cacheSize)
mustLoadRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(rollupResultCachePath)
} else {
c = workingsetcache.New(cacheSize)
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix()
}
if *disableCache {
c.Reset()
}
stats := &fastcache.Stats{}
var statsLock sync.Mutex
var statsLastUpdate uint64
fcs := func() *fastcache.Stats {
statsLock.Lock()
defer statsLock.Unlock()
if fasttime.UnixTimestamp()-statsLastUpdate < 2 {
return stats
}
var fcs fastcache.Stats
c.UpdateStats(&fcs)
stats = &fcs
statsLastUpdate = fasttime.UnixTimestamp()
return stats
}
if len(rollupResultCachePath) > 0 {
logger.Infof("loaded rollupResult cache from %q in %.3f seconds; entriesCount: %d, sizeBytes: %d",
rollupResultCachePath, time.Since(startTime).Seconds(), fcs().EntriesCount, fcs().BytesSize)
}
// Use metrics.GetOrCreateGauge instead of metrics.NewGauge,
// so InitRollupResultCache+StopRollupResultCache could be called multiple times in tests.
// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/2406
metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_entries{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 {
return float64(fcs().EntriesCount)
})
metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_size_bytes{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 {
return float64(fcs().BytesSize)
})
metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_size_max_bytes{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 {
return float64(fcs().MaxBytesSize)
})
metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_requests_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 {
return float64(fcs().GetCalls)
})
metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_misses_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 {
return float64(fcs().Misses)
})
rollupResultCacheV = &rollupResultCache{
c: c,
}
}
// StopRollupResultCache closes the rollupResult cache.
func StopRollupResultCache() {
if len(rollupResultCachePath) == 0 {
rollupResultCacheV.c.Stop()
rollupResultCacheV.c = nil
return
}
logger.Infof("saving rollupResult cache to %q...", rollupResultCachePath)
startTime := time.Now()
if err := rollupResultCacheV.c.Save(rollupResultCachePath); err != nil {
logger.Errorf("cannot save rollupResult cache at %q: %s", rollupResultCachePath, err)
return
}
mustSaveRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(rollupResultCachePath)
var fcs fastcache.Stats
rollupResultCacheV.c.UpdateStats(&fcs)
rollupResultCacheV.c.Stop()
rollupResultCacheV.c = nil
logger.Infof("saved rollupResult cache to %q in %.3f seconds; entriesCount: %d, sizeBytes: %d",
rollupResultCachePath, time.Since(startTime).Seconds(), fcs.EntriesCount, fcs.BytesSize)
}
// TODO: convert this cache to distributed cache shared among vmselect
// instances in the cluster.
type rollupResultCache struct {
c *workingsetcache.Cache
}
var rollupResultCacheResets = metrics.NewCounter(`vm_cache_resets_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`)
// ResetRollupResultCache resets rollup result cache.
func ResetRollupResultCache() {
rollupResultCacheResets.Inc()
atomic.AddUint64(&rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix, 1)
logger.Infof("rollupResult cache has been cleared")
}
func (rrc *rollupResultCache) Get(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig, expr metricsql.Expr, window int64) (tss []*timeseries, newStart int64) {
if qt.Enabled() {
query := string(expr.AppendString(nil))
query = bytesutil.LimitStringLen(query, 300)
qt = qt.NewChild("rollup cache get: query=%s, timeRange=%s, step=%d, window=%d", query, ec.timeRangeString(), ec.Step, window)
defer qt.Done()
}
if !ec.mayCache() {
qt.Printf("do not fetch series from cache, since it is disabled in the current context")
return nil, ec.Start
}
// Obtain tss from the cache.
bb := bbPool.Get()
defer bbPool.Put(bb)
bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(bb.B[:0], ec.AuthToken, expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
metainfoBuf := rrc.c.Get(nil, bb.B)
if len(metainfoBuf) == 0 {
qt.Printf("nothing found")
return nil, ec.Start
}
var mi rollupResultCacheMetainfo
if err := mi.Unmarshal(metainfoBuf); err != nil {
logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal rollupResultCacheMetainfo: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err)
}
key := mi.GetBestKey(ec.Start, ec.End)
if key.prefix == 0 && key.suffix == 0 {
qt.Printf("nothing found on the timeRange")
return nil, ec.Start
}
bb.B = key.Marshal(bb.B[:0])
compressedResultBuf := resultBufPool.Get()
defer resultBufPool.Put(compressedResultBuf)
compressedResultBuf.B = rrc.c.GetBig(compressedResultBuf.B[:0], bb.B)
if len(compressedResultBuf.B) == 0 {
mi.RemoveKey(key)
metainfoBuf = mi.Marshal(metainfoBuf[:0])
bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(bb.B[:0], ec.AuthToken, expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
rrc.c.Set(bb.B, metainfoBuf)
qt.Printf("missing cache entry")
return nil, ec.Start
}
// Decompress into newly allocated byte slice, since tss returned from unmarshalTimeseriesFast
// refers to the byte slice, so it cannot be returned to the resultBufPool.
qt.Printf("load compressed entry from cache with size %d bytes", len(compressedResultBuf.B))
resultBuf, err := encoding.DecompressZSTD(nil, compressedResultBuf.B)
if err != nil {
logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot decompress resultBuf from rollupResultCache: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err)
}
qt.Printf("unpack the entry into %d bytes", len(resultBuf))
tss, err = unmarshalTimeseriesFast(resultBuf)
if err != nil {
logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal timeseries from rollupResultCache: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err)
}
qt.Printf("unmarshal %d series", len(tss))
// Extract values for the matching timestamps
timestamps := tss[0].Timestamps
i := 0
for i < len(timestamps) && timestamps[i] < ec.Start {
i++
}
if i == len(timestamps) {
// no matches.
qt.Printf("no datapoints found in the cached series on the given timeRange")
return nil, ec.Start
}
if timestamps[i] != ec.Start {
// The cached range doesn't cover the requested range.
qt.Printf("cached series don't cover the given timeRange")
return nil, ec.Start
}
j := len(timestamps) - 1
for j >= 0 && timestamps[j] > ec.End {
j--
}
j++
if j <= i {
// no matches.
return nil, ec.Start
}
for _, ts := range tss {
ts.Timestamps = ts.Timestamps[i:j]
ts.Values = ts.Values[i:j]
}
timestamps = tss[0].Timestamps
newStart = timestamps[len(timestamps)-1] + ec.Step
if qt.Enabled() {
startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(ec.Start)
endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(newStart - ec.Step)
qt.Printf("return %d series on a timeRange=[%s..%s]", len(tss), startString, endString)
}
return tss, newStart
}
var resultBufPool bytesutil.ByteBufferPool
func (rrc *rollupResultCache) Put(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig, expr metricsql.Expr, window int64, tss []*timeseries) {
if qt.Enabled() {
query := string(expr.AppendString(nil))
query = bytesutil.LimitStringLen(query, 300)
qt = qt.NewChild("rollup cache put: query=%s, timeRange=%s, step=%d, window=%d, series=%d", query, ec.timeRangeString(), ec.Step, window, len(tss))
defer qt.Done()
}
if len(tss) == 0 || !ec.mayCache() {
qt.Printf("do not store series to cache, since it is disabled in the current context")
return
}
// Remove values up to currentTime - step - cacheTimestampOffset,
// since these values may be added later.
timestamps := tss[0].Timestamps
deadline := (time.Now().UnixNano() / 1e6) - ec.Step - cacheTimestampOffset.Milliseconds()
i := len(timestamps) - 1
for i >= 0 && timestamps[i] > deadline {
i--
}
i++
if i == 0 {
// Nothing to store in the cache.
qt.Printf("nothing to store in the cache, since all the points have timestamps bigger than %d", deadline)
return
}
if i < len(timestamps) {
timestamps = timestamps[:i]
// Make a copy of tss and remove unfit values
rvs := copyTimeseriesShallow(tss)
for _, ts := range rvs {
ts.Timestamps = ts.Timestamps[:i]
ts.Values = ts.Values[:i]
}
tss = rvs
}
// Store tss in the cache.
metainfoKey := bbPool.Get()
defer bbPool.Put(metainfoKey)
metainfoBuf := bbPool.Get()
defer bbPool.Put(metainfoBuf)
metainfoKey.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(metainfoKey.B[:0], ec.AuthToken, expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
metainfoBuf.B = rrc.c.Get(metainfoBuf.B[:0], metainfoKey.B)
var mi rollupResultCacheMetainfo
if len(metainfoBuf.B) > 0 {
if err := mi.Unmarshal(metainfoBuf.B); err != nil {
logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal rollupResultCacheMetainfo: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err)
}
}
start := timestamps[0]
end := timestamps[len(timestamps)-1]
if mi.CoversTimeRange(start, end) {
if qt.Enabled() {
startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(start)
endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(end)
qt.Printf("series on the given timeRange=[%s..%s] already exist in the cache", startString, endString)
}
return
}
maxMarshaledSize := getRollupResultCacheSize() / 4
resultBuf := resultBufPool.Get()
defer resultBufPool.Put(resultBuf)
resultBuf.B = marshalTimeseriesFast(resultBuf.B[:0], tss, maxMarshaledSize, ec.Step)
if len(resultBuf.B) == 0 {
tooBigRollupResults.Inc()
qt.Printf("cannot store series in the cache, since they would occupy more than %d bytes", maxMarshaledSize)
return
}
if qt.Enabled() {
startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(start)
endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(end)
qt.Printf("marshal %d series on a timeRange=[%s..%s] into %d bytes", len(tss), startString, endString, len(resultBuf.B))
}
compressedResultBuf := resultBufPool.Get()
defer resultBufPool.Put(compressedResultBuf)
compressedResultBuf.B = encoding.CompressZSTDLevel(compressedResultBuf.B[:0], resultBuf.B, 1)
qt.Printf("compress %d bytes into %d bytes", len(resultBuf.B), len(compressedResultBuf.B))
var key rollupResultCacheKey
key.prefix = rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix
key.suffix = atomic.AddUint64(&rollupResultCacheKeySuffix, 1)
rollupResultKey := key.Marshal(nil)
rrc.c.SetBig(rollupResultKey, compressedResultBuf.B)
qt.Printf("store %d bytes in the cache", len(compressedResultBuf.B))
mi.AddKey(key, timestamps[0], timestamps[len(timestamps)-1])
metainfoBuf.B = mi.Marshal(metainfoBuf.B[:0])
rrc.c.Set(metainfoKey.B, metainfoBuf.B)
}
var (
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix uint64
rollupResultCacheKeySuffix = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano())
)
func newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() uint64 {
var buf [8]byte
if _, err := rand.Read(buf[:]); err != nil {
// do not use logger.Panicf, since it isn't initialized yet.
panic(fmt.Errorf("FATAL: cannot read random data for rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix: %w", err))
}
return encoding.UnmarshalUint64(buf[:])
}
func mustLoadRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(path string) {
path = path + ".key.prefix"
if !fs.IsPathExist(path) {
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix()
return
}
data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
if err != nil {
logger.Errorf("cannot load %s: %s; reset rollupResult cache", path, err)
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix()
return
}
if len(data) != 8 {
logger.Errorf("unexpected size of %s; want 8 bytes; got %d bytes; reset rollupResult cache", path, len(data))
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix()
return
}
rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(data)
}
func mustSaveRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(path string) {
path = path + ".key.prefix"
data := encoding.MarshalUint64(nil, rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix)
fs.MustWriteAtomic(path, data, true)
}
var tooBigRollupResults = metrics.NewCounter("vm_too_big_rollup_results_total")
// Increment this value every time the format of the cache changes.
const rollupResultCacheVersion = 9
func marshalRollupResultCacheKey(dst []byte, at *auth.Token, expr metricsql.Expr, window, step int64, etfs [][]storage.TagFilter) []byte {
dst = append(dst, rollupResultCacheVersion)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, at.AccountID)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, at.ProjectID)
dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, window)
dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, step)
dst = expr.AppendString(dst)
for i, etf := range etfs {
for _, f := range etf {
dst = f.Marshal(dst)
}
if i+1 < len(etfs) {
dst = append(dst, '|')
}
}
return dst
}
// mergeTimeseries concatenates b with a and returns the result.
//
// Preconditions:
// - a mustn't intersect with b.
// - a timestamps must be smaller than b timestamps.
//
// Postconditions:
// - a and b cannot be used after returning from the call.
func mergeTimeseries(a, b []*timeseries, bStart int64, ec *EvalConfig) []*timeseries {
sharedTimestamps := ec.getSharedTimestamps()
if bStart == ec.Start {
// Nothing to merge - b covers all the time range.
// Verify b is correct.
for _, tsB := range b {
tsB.denyReuse = true
tsB.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps
if len(tsB.Values) != len(tsB.Timestamps) {
logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected number of values in b; got %d; want %d", len(tsB.Values), len(tsB.Timestamps))
}
}
return b
}
m := make(map[string]*timeseries, len(a))
bb := bbPool.Get()
defer bbPool.Put(bb)
for _, ts := range a {
bb.B = marshalMetricNameSorted(bb.B[:0], &ts.MetricName)
k := bytesutil.InternBytes(bb.B)
m[k] = ts
}
rvs := make([]*timeseries, 0, len(a))
for _, tsB := range b {
var tmp timeseries
tmp.denyReuse = true
tmp.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps
tmp.Values = make([]float64, 0, len(tmp.Timestamps))
tmp.MetricName.MoveFrom(&tsB.MetricName)
bb.B = marshalMetricNameSorted(bb.B[:0], &tmp.MetricName)
k := bytesutil.InternBytes(bb.B)
tsA := m[k]
if tsA == nil {
tStart := ec.Start
for tStart < bStart {
tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, nan)
tStart += ec.Step
}
} else {
tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsA.Values...)
delete(m, k)
}
tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsB.Values...)
if len(tmp.Values) != len(tmp.Timestamps) {
logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected values after merging new values; got %d; want %d", len(tmp.Values), len(tmp.Timestamps))
}
rvs = append(rvs, &tmp)
}
// Copy the remaining timeseries from m.
for _, tsA := range m {
var tmp timeseries
tmp.denyReuse = true
tmp.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps
tmp.Values = make([]float64, 0, len(tmp.Timestamps))
tmp.MetricName.MoveFrom(&tsA.MetricName)
tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsA.Values...)
tStart := bStart
for tStart <= ec.End {
tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, nan)
tStart += ec.Step
}
if len(tmp.Values) != len(tmp.Timestamps) {
logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected values in the result after adding cached values; got %d; want %d", len(tmp.Values), len(tmp.Timestamps))
}
rvs = append(rvs, &tmp)
}
return rvs
}
type rollupResultCacheMetainfo struct {
entries []rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, uint32(len(mi.entries)))
for i := range mi.entries {
dst = mi.entries[i].Marshal(dst)
}
return dst
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) Unmarshal(src []byte) error {
if len(src) < 4 {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal len(etries) from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 4)
}
entriesLen := int(encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src))
src = src[4:]
if n := entriesLen - cap(mi.entries); n > 0 {
mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:cap(mi.entries)], make([]rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry, n)...)
}
mi.entries = mi.entries[:entriesLen]
for i := 0; i < entriesLen; i++ {
tail, err := mi.entries[i].Unmarshal(src)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal entry #%d: %w", i, err)
}
src = tail
}
if len(src) > 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("unexpected non-empty tail left; len(tail)=%d", len(src))
}
return nil
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) CoversTimeRange(start, end int64) bool {
if start > end {
logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end)
}
for i := range mi.entries {
e := &mi.entries[i]
if start >= e.start && end <= e.end {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) GetBestKey(start, end int64) rollupResultCacheKey {
if start > end {
logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end)
}
var bestKey rollupResultCacheKey
dMax := int64(0)
for i := range mi.entries {
e := &mi.entries[i]
if start < e.start {
continue
}
d := e.end - start
if end <= e.end {
d = end - start
}
if d >= dMax {
dMax = d
bestKey = e.key
}
}
return bestKey
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) AddKey(key rollupResultCacheKey, start, end int64) {
if start > end {
logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end)
}
mi.entries = append(mi.entries, rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry{
start: start,
end: end,
key: key,
})
if len(mi.entries) > 30 {
// Remove old entries.
mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:0], mi.entries[10:]...)
}
}
func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) RemoveKey(key rollupResultCacheKey) {
for i := range mi.entries {
if mi.entries[i].key == key {
mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:i], mi.entries[i+1:]...)
return
}
}
}
type rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry struct {
start int64
end int64
key rollupResultCacheKey
}
func (mie *rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, mie.start)
dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, mie.end)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, mie.key.prefix)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, mie.key.suffix)
return dst
}
func (mie *rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry) Unmarshal(src []byte) ([]byte, error) {
if len(src) < 8 {
return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal start from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8)
}
mie.start = encoding.UnmarshalInt64(src)
src = src[8:]
if len(src) < 8 {
return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal end from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8)
}
mie.end = encoding.UnmarshalInt64(src)
src = src[8:]
if len(src) < 8 {
return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal key prefix from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8)
}
mie.key.prefix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
src = src[8:]
if len(src) < 8 {
return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal key suffix from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8)
}
mie.key.suffix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
src = src[8:]
return src, nil
}
// rollupResultCacheKey must be globally unique across vmselect nodes,
// so it has prefix and suffix.
type rollupResultCacheKey struct {
prefix uint64
suffix uint64
}
func (k *rollupResultCacheKey) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
dst = append(dst, rollupResultCacheVersion)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, k.prefix)
dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, k.suffix)
return dst
}