diff --git a/audio/src/lib.rs b/audio/src/lib.rs
index 86c5b4ae..fe3b5c96 100644
--- a/audio/src/lib.rs
+++ b/audio/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,33 +38,6 @@ pub enum AudioPacket {
     OggData(Vec<u8>),
 }
 
-#[derive(AsBytes, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-#[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct i24([u8; 3]);
-impl i24 {
-    fn pcm_from_i32(sample: i32) -> Self {
-        // drop the least significant byte
-        let [a, b, c, _d] = (sample >> 8).to_le_bytes();
-        i24([a, b, c])
-    }
-}
-
-// Losslessly represent [-1.0, 1.0] to [$type::MIN, $type::MAX] while maintaining DC linearity.
-macro_rules! convert_samples_to {
-    ($type: ident, $samples: expr) => {
-        convert_samples_to!($type, $samples, 0)
-    };
-    ($type: ident, $samples: expr, $shift: expr) => {
-        $samples
-            .iter()
-            .map(|sample| {
-                (*sample as f64 * (std::$type::MAX as f64 + 0.5) - 0.5) as $type >> $shift
-            })
-            .collect()
-    };
-}
-
 impl AudioPacket {
     pub fn samples(&self) -> &[f32] {
         match self {
@@ -86,23 +59,53 @@ impl AudioPacket {
             AudioPacket::OggData(d) => d.is_empty(),
         }
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn f32_to_s32(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i32> {
+#[derive(AsBytes, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct i24([u8; 3]);
+impl i24 {
+    fn pcm_from_i32(sample: i32) -> Self {
+        // drop the least significant byte
+        let [a, b, c, _d] = (sample >> 8).to_le_bytes();
+        i24([a, b, c])
+    }
+}
+
+// Losslessly represent [-1.0, 1.0] to [$type::MIN, $type::MAX] while maintaining DC linearity.
+macro_rules! convert_samples_to {
+    ($type: ident, $samples: expr) => {
+        convert_samples_to!($type, $samples, 0)
+    };
+    ($type: ident, $samples: expr, $drop_bits: expr) => {
+        $samples
+            .iter()
+            .map(|sample| {
+                (*sample as f64 * (std::$type::MAX as f64 + 0.5) - 0.5) as $type >> $drop_bits
+            })
+            .collect()
+    };
+}
+
+pub struct SamplesConverter {}
+impl SamplesConverter {
+    pub fn to_s32(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i32> {
         convert_samples_to!(i32, samples)
     }
 
-    pub fn f32_to_s24(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i32> {
+    pub fn to_s24(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i32> {
         convert_samples_to!(i32, samples, 8)
     }
 
-    pub fn f32_to_s24_3(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i24> {
-        Self::f32_to_s32(samples)
+    pub fn to_s24_3(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i24> {
+        Self::to_s32(samples)
             .iter()
             .map(|sample| i24::pcm_from_i32(*sample))
             .collect()
     }
 
-    pub fn f32_to_s16(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i16> {
+    pub fn to_s16(samples: &[f32]) -> Vec<i16> {
         convert_samples_to!(i16, samples)
     }
 }
diff --git a/playback/src/audio_backend/mod.rs b/playback/src/audio_backend/mod.rs
index 9c46dbe4..94b6a529 100644
--- a/playback/src/audio_backend/mod.rs
+++ b/playback/src/audio_backend/mod.rs
@@ -24,24 +24,25 @@ fn mk_sink<S: Sink + Open + 'static>(device: Option<String>, format: AudioFormat
 macro_rules! sink_as_bytes {
     () => {
         fn write(&mut self, packet: &AudioPacket) -> io::Result<()> {
+            use crate::audio::{i24, SamplesConverter};
             use zerocopy::AsBytes;
             match packet {
                 AudioPacket::Samples(samples) => match self.format {
                     AudioFormat::F32 => self.write_bytes(samples.as_bytes()),
                     AudioFormat::S32 => {
-                        let samples_s32 = AudioPacket::f32_to_s32(samples);
+                        let samples_s32: &[i32] = &SamplesConverter::to_s32(samples);
                         self.write_bytes(samples_s32.as_bytes())
                     }
                     AudioFormat::S24 => {
-                        let samples_s24 = AudioPacket::f32_to_s24(samples);
+                        let samples_s24: &[i32] = &SamplesConverter::to_s24(samples);
                         self.write_bytes(samples_s24.as_bytes())
                     }
                     AudioFormat::S24_3 => {
-                        let samples_s24_3 = AudioPacket::f32_to_s24_3(samples);
+                        let samples_s24_3: &[i24] = &SamplesConverter::to_s24_3(samples);
                         self.write_bytes(samples_s24_3.as_bytes())
                     }
                     AudioFormat::S16 => {
-                        let samples_s16 = AudioPacket::f32_to_s16(samples);
+                        let samples_s16: &[i16] = &SamplesConverter::to_s16(samples);
                         self.write_bytes(samples_s16.as_bytes())
                     }
                 },
diff --git a/playback/src/audio_backend/portaudio.rs b/playback/src/audio_backend/portaudio.rs
index fca305e0..f29bac2d 100644
--- a/playback/src/audio_backend/portaudio.rs
+++ b/playback/src/audio_backend/portaudio.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::{Open, Sink};
-use crate::audio::AudioPacket;
+use crate::audio::{AudioPacket, SamplesConverter};
 use crate::config::AudioFormat;
 use crate::player::{NUM_CHANNELS, SAMPLE_RATE};
 use portaudio_rs;
@@ -146,18 +146,19 @@ impl<'a> Sink for PortAudioSink<'a> {
                 $stream.as_mut().unwrap().write($samples)
             };
         }
+
+        let samples = packet.samples();
         let result = match self {
             Self::F32(stream, _parameters) => {
-                let samples = packet.samples();
-                write_sink!(stream, &samples)
+                write_sink!(stream, samples)
             }
             Self::S32(stream, _parameters) => {
-                let samples_s32: Vec<i32> = AudioPacket::f32_to_s32(packet.samples());
-                write_sink!(stream, &samples_s32)
+                let samples_s32: &[i32] = &SamplesConverter::to_s32(samples);
+                write_sink!(stream, samples_s32)
             }
             Self::S16(stream, _parameters) => {
-                let samples_s16: Vec<i16> = AudioPacket::f32_to_s16(packet.samples());
-                write_sink!(stream, &samples_s16)
+                let samples_s16: &[i16] = &SamplesConverter::to_s16(samples);
+                write_sink!(stream, samples_s16)
             }
         };
         match result {
diff --git a/playback/src/audio_backend/rodio.rs b/playback/src/audio_backend/rodio.rs
index 5262a9cc..2fc4fbde 100644
--- a/playback/src/audio_backend/rodio.rs
+++ b/playback/src/audio_backend/rodio.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use super::{Open, Sink};
 extern crate cpal;
 extern crate rodio;
-use crate::audio::AudioPacket;
+use crate::audio::{AudioPacket, SamplesConverter};
 use crate::config::AudioFormat;
+use crate::player::{NUM_CHANNELS, SAMPLE_RATE};
 use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait};
 use std::process::exit;
 use std::{io, thread, time};
@@ -25,12 +26,12 @@ macro_rules! rodio_sink {
                 let samples = packet.samples();
                 match self.format {
                     AudioFormat::F32 => {
-                        let source = rodio::buffer::SamplesBuffer::new(2, 44100, samples);
+                        let source = rodio::buffer::SamplesBuffer::new(NUM_CHANNELS as u16, SAMPLE_RATE, samples);
                         self.rodio_sink.append(source)
                     },
                     AudioFormat::S16 => {
-                        let samples_s16: Vec<i16> = AudioPacket::f32_to_s16(samples);
-                        let source = rodio::buffer::SamplesBuffer::new(2, 44100, samples_s16);
+                        let samples_s16: &[i16] = &SamplesConverter::to_s16(samples);
+                        let source = rodio::buffer::SamplesBuffer::new(NUM_CHANNELS as u16, SAMPLE_RATE, samples_s16);
                         self.rodio_sink.append(source)
                     },
                     _ => unimplemented!(),
diff --git a/playback/src/audio_backend/sdl.rs b/playback/src/audio_backend/sdl.rs
index 64523732..b1b4c2e1 100644
--- a/playback/src/audio_backend/sdl.rs
+++ b/playback/src/audio_backend/sdl.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::{Open, Sink};
-use crate::audio::AudioPacket;
+use crate::audio::{AudioPacket, SamplesConverter};
 use crate::config::AudioFormat;
 use crate::player::{NUM_CHANNELS, SAMPLE_RATE};
 use sdl2::audio::{AudioQueue, AudioSpecDesired};
@@ -89,20 +89,22 @@ impl Sink for SdlSink {
                 }
             }};
         }
+
+        let samples = packet.samples();
         match self {
             Self::F32(queue) => {
                 drain_sink!(queue, mem::size_of::<f32>());
-                queue.queue(packet.samples())
+                queue.queue(samples)
             }
             Self::S32(queue) => {
+                let samples_s32: &[i32] = &SamplesConverter::to_s32(samples);
                 drain_sink!(queue, mem::size_of::<i32>());
-                let samples_s32: Vec<i32> = AudioPacket::f32_to_s32(packet.samples());
-                queue.queue(&samples_s32)
+                queue.queue(samples_s32)
             }
             Self::S16(queue) => {
+                let samples_s16: &[i16] = &SamplesConverter::to_s16(samples);
                 drain_sink!(queue, mem::size_of::<i16>());
-                let samples_s16: Vec<i16> = AudioPacket::f32_to_s16(packet.samples());
-                queue.queue(&samples_s16)
+                queue.queue(samples_s16)
             }
         };
         Ok(())