Merge branch 'master' into add-IgnoreFirstSampleInterval-streamaggr

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ body:
   
         For VictoriaMetrics health-state issues please provide full-length screenshots
         of Grafana dashboards if possible:
-          * [Grafana dashboard for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/10229/)
-          * [Grafana dashboard for VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11176/)
+          * [Grafana dashboard for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/10229)
+          * [Grafana dashboard for VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11176)
         
         See how to setup monitoring here:
           * [monitoring for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring)

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -88,6 +88,35 @@ jobs:
         run: make ${{ matrix.scenario}}
 
       - name: Publish coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           file: ./coverage.txt
+
+  integration-test:
+    name: integration-test
+    needs: [lint, test]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Code checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup Go
+        id: go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          cache: false
+          go-version: stable
+
+      - name: Cache Go artifacts
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/go-build
+            ~/go/bin
+            ~/go/pkg/mod
+          key: go-artifacts-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.scenario }}-${{ steps.go.outputs.go-version }}-${{ hashFiles('go.sum', 'Makefile', 'app/**/Makefile') }}
+          restore-keys: go-artifacts-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.scenario }}-
+
+      - name: Run integration tests
+        run: make integration-test

Makefile

@@ -501,10 +501,12 @@ pprof-cpu:
 fmt:
 	gofmt -l -w -s ./lib
 	gofmt -l -w -s ./app
+	gofmt -l -w -s ./apptest
 
 vet:
 	go vet ./lib/...
 	go vet ./app/...
+	go vet ./apptest/...
 
 check-all: fmt vet golangci-lint govulncheck
 
@@ -525,6 +527,9 @@ test-full:
 test-full-386:
 	DISABLE_FSYNC_FOR_TESTING=1 GOARCH=386 go test -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./lib/... ./app/...
 
+integration-test: victoria-metrics vmagent vmalert vmauth
+	go test ./apptest/... -skip="^TestCluster.*"
+
 benchmark:
 	go test -bench=. ./lib/...
 	go test -bench=. ./app/...

README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Here are some resources and information about VictoriaMetrics:
 - Available: [Binary releases](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest), [Docker images](https://hub.docker.com/r/victoriametrics/victoria-metrics/), [Source code](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics)
 - Deployment types: [Single-node version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/), [Cluster version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/), and [Enterprise version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/)
 - Changelog: [CHANGELOG](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/changelog/), and [How to upgrade](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-upgrade-victoriametrics)
-- Community: [Slack](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/), [Twitter](https://twitter.com/VictoriaMetrics), [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/victoriametrics/), [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@VictoriaMetrics)
+- Community: [Slack](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/), [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/VictoriaMetrics), [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/victoriametrics/), [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@VictoriaMetrics)
 
 Yes, we open-source both the single-node VictoriaMetrics and the cluster version.
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Some good benchmarks VictoriaMetrics achieved:
 Feel free asking any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics:
 
 * [Slack Inviter](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/) and [Slack channel](https://victoriametrics.slack.com/)
-* [Twitter](https://twitter.com/VictoriaMetrics/)
+* [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/VictoriaMetrics/)
 * [Linkedin](https://www.linkedin.com/company/victoriametrics/)
 * [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/VictoriaMetrics/)
 * [Telegram-en](https://t.me/VictoriaMetrics_en)
@@ -122,4 +122,4 @@ The provided [ZIP file](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/
 * Do not modify the spacing, alignment, or positioning of design elements.
 * You may resize the logo as needed, but ensure all proportions remain intact.
 
-Thank you for your cooperation!
+Thank you for your cooperation!

app/victoria-metrics/testdata/graphite/subquery-aggregation.json

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
   "name": "subquery-aggregation",
   "issue": "https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/184",
   "data": [
-    "forms_daily_count;item=x 1 {TIME_S-1m}",
-    "forms_daily_count;item=x 2 {TIME_S-2m}",
-    "forms_daily_count;item=y 3 {TIME_S-1m}",
-    "forms_daily_count;item=y 4 {TIME_S-2m}"],
+    "forms_daily_count;item=x 1 {TIME_S-59s}",
+    "forms_daily_count;item=x 2 {TIME_S-1m59s}",
+    "forms_daily_count;item=y 3 {TIME_S-59s}",
+    "forms_daily_count;item=y 4 {TIME_S-1m59s}"],
   "query": ["/api/v1/query?query=min%20by%20(item)%20(min_over_time(forms_daily_count[10m:1m]))&time={TIME_S-1m}&latency_offset=1ms"],
   "result_query": {
     "status":"success",

app/vlinsert/datadog/datadog.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+package datadog
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/common"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/writeconcurrencylimiter"
+)
+
+var parserPool fastjson.ParserPool
+
+// RequestHandler processes Datadog insert requests
+func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
+	switch path {
+	case "/api/v1/validate":
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
+		return true
+	case "/api/v2/logs":
+		return datadogLogsIngestion(w, r)
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func datadogLogsIngestion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
+	w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	v2LogsRequestsTotal.Inc()
+	reader := r.Body
+
+	var ts int64
+	if tsValue := r.Header.Get("dd-message-timestamp"); tsValue != "" && tsValue != "0" {
+		var err error
+		ts, err = strconv.ParseInt(tsValue, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "could not parse dd-message-timestamp header value: %s", err)
+			return true
+		}
+		ts *= 1e6
+	} else {
+		ts = startTime.UnixNano()
+	}
+
+	if r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip" {
+		zr, err := common.GetGzipReader(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot read gzipped logs request: %s", err)
+			return true
+		}
+		defer common.PutGzipReader(zr)
+		reader = zr
+	}
+
+	wcr := writeconcurrencylimiter.GetReader(reader)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(wcr)
+	writeconcurrencylimiter.PutReader(wcr)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot read request body: %s", err)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	cp, err := insertutils.GetCommonParams(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor()
+	n, err := readLogsRequest(ts, data, lmp.AddRow)
+	lmp.MustClose()
+	if n > 0 {
+		rowsIngestedTotal.Add(n)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warnf("cannot decode log message in /api/v2/logs request: %s, stream fields: %s", err, cp.StreamFields)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// update v2LogsRequestDuration only for successfully parsed requests
+	// There is no need in updating v2LogsRequestDuration for request errors,
+	// since their timings are usually much smaller than the timing for successful request parsing.
+	v2LogsRequestDuration.UpdateDuration(startTime)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
+	return true
+}
+
+var (
+	v2LogsRequestsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs"}`)
+	rowsIngestedTotal     = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_ingested_total{type="datadog"}`)
+	v2LogsRequestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs"}`)
+)
+
+// readLogsRequest parses data according to DataDog logs format
+// https://docs.datadoghq.com/api/latest/logs/#send-logs
+func readLogsRequest(ts int64, data []byte, processLogMessage func(int64, []logstorage.Field)) (int, error) {
+	p := parserPool.Get()
+	defer parserPool.Put(p)
+	v, err := p.ParseBytes(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse JSON request body: %w", err)
+	}
+	records, err := v.Array()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot extract array from parsed JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var fields []logstorage.Field
+	for m, r := range records {
+		o, err := r.Object()
+		if err != nil {
+			return m + 1, fmt.Errorf("could not extract log record: %w", err)
+		}
+		o.Visit(func(k []byte, v *fastjson.Value) {
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			val, e := v.StringBytes()
+			if e != nil {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected label value type for %q:%q; want string", k, v)
+				return
+			}
+			switch string(k) {
+			case "message":
+				fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+					Name:  "_msg",
+					Value: bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(val),
+				})
+			case "ddtags":
+				// https://docs.datadoghq.com/getting_started/tagging/
+				var pair []byte
+				idx := 0
+				for idx >= 0 {
+					idx = bytes.IndexByte(val, ',')
+					if idx < 0 {
+						pair = val
+					} else {
+						pair = val[:idx]
+						val = val[idx+1:]
+					}
+					if len(pair) > 0 {
+						n := bytes.IndexByte(pair, ':')
+						if n < 0 {
+							// No tag value.
+							fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+								Name:  bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(pair),
+								Value: "no_label_value",
+							})
+						}
+						fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+							Name:  bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(pair[:n]),
+							Value: bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(pair[n+1:]),
+						})
+					}
+				}
+			default:
+				fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+					Name:  bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(k),
+					Value: bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(val),
+				})
+			}
+		})
+		processLogMessage(ts, fields)
+		fields = fields[:0]
+	}
+	return len(records), nil
+}

app/vlinsert/datadog/datadog_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package datadog
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
+)
+
+func TestReadLogsRequestFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(data string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		ts := time.Now().UnixNano()
+
+		processLogMessage := func(timestamp int64, fields []logstorage.Field) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected call to processLogMessage with timestamp=%d, fields=%s", timestamp, fields)
+		}
+
+		rows, err := readLogsRequest(ts, []byte(data), processLogMessage)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expecting non-empty error")
+		}
+		if rows != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected non-zero rows=%d", rows)
+		}
+	}
+	f("foobar")
+	f(`{}`)
+	f(`["create":{}]`)
+	f(`{"create":{}}
+foobar`)
+}
+
+func TestReadLogsRequestSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(data string, rowsExpected int, resultExpected string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		ts := time.Now().UnixNano()
+		var result string
+		processLogMessage := func(_ int64, fields []logstorage.Field) {
+			a := make([]string, len(fields))
+			for i, f := range fields {
+				a[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%q:%q", f.Name, f.Value)
+			}
+			if len(result) > 0 {
+				result = result + "\n"
+			}
+			s := "{" + strings.Join(a, ",") + "}"
+			result += s
+		}
+
+		// Read the request without compression
+		rows, err := readLogsRequest(ts, []byte(data), processLogMessage)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		if rows != rowsExpected {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected rows read; got %d; want %d", rows, rowsExpected)
+		}
+
+		if result != resultExpected {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected result;\ngot\n%s\nwant\n%s", result, resultExpected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify non-empty data
+	data := `[
+		{
+			"ddsource":"nginx",
+			"ddtags":"tag1:value1,tag2:value2",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+			"message":"bar",
+			"service":"test"
+		}, {
+			"ddsource":"nginx",
+			"ddtags":"tag1:value1,tag2:value2",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+			"message":"foobar",
+			"service":"test"
+		}, {
+			"ddsource":"nginx",
+			"ddtags":"tag1:value1,tag2:value2",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+			"message":"baz",
+			"service":"test"
+		}, {
+			"ddsource":"nginx",
+			"ddtags":"tag1:value1,tag2:value2",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+			"message":"xyz",
+			"service":"test"
+		}, {
+			"ddsource": "nginx",
+			"ddtags":"tag1:value1,tag2:value2,",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+                        "message":"xyz",
+                        "service":"test"
+                }, {
+			"ddsource":"nginx",
+			"ddtags":",tag1:value1,tag2:value2",
+			"hostname":"127.0.0.1",
+                        "message":"xyz",
+                        "service":"test"
+		}
+	]`
+	rowsExpected := 6
+	resultExpected := `{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"bar","service":"test"}
+{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"foobar","service":"test"}
+{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"baz","service":"test"}
+{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"xyz","service":"test"}
+{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"xyz","service":"test"}
+{"ddsource":"nginx","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2","hostname":"127.0.0.1","_msg":"xyz","service":"test"}`
+	f(data, rowsExpected, resultExpected)
+}

app/vlinsert/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 		}
 		lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor()
 		isGzip := r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip"
-		n, err := readBulkRequest(r.Body, isGzip, cp.TimeField, cp.MsgField, lmp)
+		n, err := readBulkRequest(r.Body, isGzip, cp.TimeField, cp.MsgFields, lmp)
 		lmp.MustClose()
 		if err != nil {
 			logger.Warnf("cannot decode log message #%d in /_bulk request: %s, stream fields: %s", n, err, cp.StreamFields)
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ var (
 	bulkRequestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk"}`)
 )
 
-func readBulkRequest(r io.Reader, isGzip bool, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, error) {
+func readBulkRequest(r io.Reader, isGzip bool, timeField string, msgFields []string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, error) {
 	// See https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/docs-bulk.html
 
 	if isGzip {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func readBulkRequest(r io.Reader, isGzip bool, timeField, msgField string, lmp i
 	n := 0
 	nCheckpoint := 0
 	for {
-		ok, err := readBulkLine(sc, timeField, msgField, lmp)
+		ok, err := readBulkLine(sc, timeField, msgFields, lmp)
 		wcr.DecConcurrency()
 		if err != nil || !ok {
 			rowsIngestedTotal.Add(n - nCheckpoint)
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func readBulkRequest(r io.Reader, isGzip bool, timeField, msgField string, lmp i
 
 var lineBufferPool bytesutil.ByteBufferPool
 
-func readBulkLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (bool, error) {
+func readBulkLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField string, msgFields []string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (bool, error) {
 	var line []byte
 
 	// Read the command, must be "create" or "index"
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func readBulkLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils
 	if ts == 0 {
 		ts = time.Now().UnixNano()
 	}
-	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, msgField, "_msg")
+	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, msgFields, "_msg")
 	lmp.AddRow(ts, p.Fields)
 	logstorage.PutJSONParser(p)
 

app/vlinsert/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func TestReadBulkRequest_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 
 		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
 		r := bytes.NewBufferString(data)
-		rows, err := readBulkRequest(r, false, "_time", "_msg", tlp)
+		rows, err := readBulkRequest(r, false, "_time", []string{"_msg"}, tlp)
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expecting non-empty error")
 		}
@@ -36,11 +36,12 @@ func TestReadBulkRequest_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(data, timeField, msgField string, rowsExpected int, timestampsExpected []int64, resultExpected string) {
 		t.Helper()
 
+		msgFields := []string{"non_existing_foo", msgField, "non_exiting_bar"}
 		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
 
 		// Read the request without compression
 		r := bytes.NewBufferString(data)
-		rows, err := readBulkRequest(r, false, timeField, msgField, tlp)
+		rows, err := readBulkRequest(r, false, timeField, msgFields, tlp)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ func TestReadBulkRequest_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		tlp = &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
 		compressedData := compressData(data)
 		r = bytes.NewBufferString(compressedData)
-		rows, err = readBulkRequest(r, true, timeField, msgField, tlp)
+		rows, err = readBulkRequest(r, true, timeField, msgFields, tlp)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 		}

app/vlinsert/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_timing_test.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func benchmarkReadBulkRequest(b *testing.B, isGzip bool) {
 	dataBytes := bytesutil.ToUnsafeBytes(data)
 
 	timeField := "@timestamp"
-	msgField := "message"
+	msgFields := []string{"message"}
 	blp := &insertutils.BenchmarkLogMessageProcessor{}
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func benchmarkReadBulkRequest(b *testing.B, isGzip bool) {
 		r := &bytes.Reader{}
 		for pb.Next() {
 			r.Reset(dataBytes)
-			_, err := readBulkRequest(r, isGzip, timeField, msgField, blp)
+			_, err := readBulkRequest(r, isGzip, timeField, msgFields, blp)
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(fmt.Errorf("unexpected error: %w", err))
 			}

app/vlinsert/insertutils/common_params.go

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 package insertutils
 
 import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -16,15 +19,21 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timeutil"
 )
 
+var (
+	defaultMsgValue = flag.String("defaultMsgValue", "missing _msg field; see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#message-field",
+		"Default value for _msg field if the ingested log entry doesn't contain it; see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#message-field")
+)
+
 // CommonParams contains common HTTP parameters used by log ingestion APIs.
 //
 // See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/#http-parameters
 type CommonParams struct {
 	TenantID     logstorage.TenantID
 	TimeField    string
-	MsgField     string
+	MsgFields    []string
 	StreamFields []string
 	IgnoreFields []string
+	ExtraFields  []logstorage.Field
 
 	Debug           bool
 	DebugRequestURI string
@@ -39,44 +48,25 @@ func GetCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*CommonParams, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Extract time field name from _time_field query arg or header
 	timeField := "_time"
-	if tf := r.FormValue("_time_field"); tf != "" {
-		timeField = tf
-	} else if tf = r.Header.Get("VL-Time-Field"); tf != "" {
+	if tf := httputils.GetRequestValue(r, "_time_field", "VL-Time-Field"); tf != "" {
 		timeField = tf
 	}
 
-	// Extract message field name from _msg_field query arg or header
-	msgField := ""
-	if msgf := r.FormValue("_msg_field"); msgf != "" {
-		msgField = msgf
-	} else if msgf = r.Header.Get("VL-Msg-Field"); msgf != "" {
-		msgField = msgf
+	msgFields := httputils.GetArray(r, "_msg_field", "VL-Msg-Field")
+	streamFields := httputils.GetArray(r, "_stream_fields", "VL-Stream-Fields")
+	ignoreFields := httputils.GetArray(r, "ignore_fields", "VL-Ignore-Fields")
+
+	extraFields, err := getExtraFields(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	streamFields := httputils.GetArray(r, "_stream_fields")
-	if len(streamFields) == 0 {
-		if sf := r.Header.Get("VL-Stream-Fields"); len(sf) > 0 {
-			streamFields = strings.Split(sf, ",")
-		}
-	}
-	ignoreFields := httputils.GetArray(r, "ignore_fields")
-	if len(ignoreFields) == 0 {
-		if f := r.Header.Get("VL-Ignore-Fields"); len(f) > 0 {
-			ignoreFields = strings.Split(f, ",")
-		}
-	}
-
-	debug := httputils.GetBool(r, "debug")
-	if !debug {
-		if dh := r.Header.Get("VL-Debug"); len(dh) > 0 {
-			hv := strings.ToLower(dh)
-			switch hv {
-			case "", "0", "f", "false", "no":
-			default:
-				debug = true
-			}
+	debug := false
+	if dv := httputils.GetRequestValue(r, "debug", "VL-Debug"); dv != "" {
+		debug, err = strconv.ParseBool(dv)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse debug=%q: %w", dv, err)
 		}
 	}
 	debugRequestURI := ""
@@ -89,9 +79,10 @@ func GetCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*CommonParams, error) {
 	cp := &CommonParams{
 		TenantID:        tenantID,
 		TimeField:       timeField,
-		MsgField:        msgField,
+		MsgFields:       msgFields,
 		StreamFields:    streamFields,
 		IgnoreFields:    ignoreFields,
+		ExtraFields:     extraFields,
 		Debug:           debug,
 		DebugRequestURI: debugRequestURI,
 		DebugRemoteAddr: debugRemoteAddr,
@@ -100,18 +91,45 @@ func GetCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*CommonParams, error) {
 	return cp, nil
 }
 
+func getExtraFields(r *http.Request) ([]logstorage.Field, error) {
+	efs := httputils.GetArray(r, "extra_fields", "VL-Extra-Fields")
+	if len(efs) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	extraFields := make([]logstorage.Field, len(efs))
+	for i, ef := range efs {
+		n := strings.Index(ef, "=")
+		if n <= 0 || n == len(ef)-1 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf(`invalid extra_field format: %q; must be in the form "field=value"`, ef)
+		}
+		extraFields[i] = logstorage.Field{
+			Name:  ef[:n],
+			Value: ef[n+1:],
+		}
+	}
+	return extraFields, nil
+}
+
 // GetCommonParamsForSyslog returns common params needed for parsing syslog messages and storing them to the given tenantID.
-func GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID logstorage.TenantID) *CommonParams {
+func GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID logstorage.TenantID, streamFields, ignoreFields []string, extraFields []logstorage.Field) *CommonParams {
 	// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#unpack_syslog-pipe
-	cp := &CommonParams{
-		TenantID:  tenantID,
-		TimeField: "timestamp",
-		MsgField:  "message",
-		StreamFields: []string{
+	if streamFields == nil {
+		streamFields = []string{
 			"hostname",
 			"app_name",
 			"proc_id",
+		}
+	}
+	cp := &CommonParams{
+		TenantID:  tenantID,
+		TimeField: "timestamp",
+		MsgFields: []string{
+			"message",
 		},
+		StreamFields: streamFields,
+		IgnoreFields: ignoreFields,
+		ExtraFields:  extraFields,
 	}
 
 	return cp
@@ -176,22 +194,6 @@ func (lmp *logMessageProcessor) AddRow(timestamp int64, fields []logstorage.Fiel
 		return
 	}
 
-	// _msg field must be non-empty according to VictoriaLogs data model.
-	// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#message-field
-	msgExist := false
-	for i := range fields {
-		if fields[i].Name == "_msg" {
-			msgExist = len(fields[i].Value) > 0
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if !msgExist {
-		rf := logstorage.RowFormatter(fields)
-		logger.Warnf("dropping log line without _msg field; %s", rf)
-		rowsDroppedTotalMsgNotValid.Inc()
-		return
-	}
-
 	lmp.lr.MustAdd(lmp.cp.TenantID, timestamp, fields)
 	if lmp.cp.Debug {
 		s := lmp.lr.GetRowString(0)
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ func (lmp *logMessageProcessor) MustClose() {
 //
 // MustClose() must be called on the returned LogMessageProcessor when it is no longer needed.
 func (cp *CommonParams) NewLogMessageProcessor() LogMessageProcessor {
-	lr := logstorage.GetLogRows(cp.StreamFields, cp.IgnoreFields)
+	lr := logstorage.GetLogRows(cp.StreamFields, cp.IgnoreFields, cp.ExtraFields, *defaultMsgValue)
 	lmp := &logMessageProcessor{
 		cp: cp,
 		lr: lr,
@@ -241,5 +243,4 @@ func (cp *CommonParams) NewLogMessageProcessor() LogMessageProcessor {
 var (
 	rowsDroppedTotalDebug         = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_dropped_total{reason="debug"}`)
 	rowsDroppedTotalTooManyFields = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_dropped_total{reason="too_many_fields"}`)
-	rowsDroppedTotalMsgNotValid   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_dropped_total{reason="msg_not_exist"}`)
 )

app/vlinsert/journald/journald.go

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+package journald
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding/zstd"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/writeconcurrencylimiter"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+)
+
+const (
+	journaldEntryMaxNameLen = 64
+)
+
+var (
+	bodyBufferPool                bytesutil.ByteBufferPool
+	allowedJournaldEntryNameChars = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]+`)
+)
+
+var (
+	journaldStreamFields = flagutil.NewArrayString("journald.streamFields", "Journal fields to be used as stream fields. "+
+		"See the list of allowed fields at https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.journal-fields.html.")
+	journaldIgnoreFields = flagutil.NewArrayString("journald.ignoreFields", "Journal fields to ignore. "+
+		"See the list of allowed fields at https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.journal-fields.html.")
+	journaldTimeField = flag.String("journald.timeField", "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP", "Journal field to be used as time field. "+
+		"See the list of allowed fields at https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.journal-fields.html.")
+	journaldTenantID             = flag.String("journald.tenantID", "0:0", "TenantID for logs ingested via the Journald endpoint.")
+	journaldIncludeEntryMetadata = flag.Bool("journald.includeEntryMetadata", false, "Include journal entry fields, which with double underscores.")
+)
+
+func getCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*insertutils.CommonParams, error) {
+	cp, err := insertutils.GetCommonParams(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if cp.TenantID.AccountID == 0 && cp.TenantID.ProjectID == 0 {
+		tenantID, err := logstorage.ParseTenantID(*journaldTenantID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse -journald.tenantID=%q for journald: %w", *journaldTenantID, err)
+		}
+		cp.TenantID = tenantID
+	}
+	if cp.TimeField != "" {
+		cp.TimeField = *journaldTimeField
+	}
+	if len(cp.StreamFields) == 0 {
+		cp.StreamFields = *journaldStreamFields
+	}
+	if len(cp.IgnoreFields) == 0 {
+		cp.IgnoreFields = *journaldIgnoreFields
+	}
+	cp.MsgFields = []string{"MESSAGE"}
+	return cp, nil
+}
+
+// RequestHandler processes Journald Export insert requests
+func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
+	switch path {
+	case "/upload":
+		if r.Header.Get("Content-Type") != "application/vnd.fdo.journal" {
+			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "only application/vnd.fdo.journal encoding is supported for Journald")
+			return true
+		}
+		handleJournald(r, w)
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// handleJournald parses Journal binary entries
+func handleJournald(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	requestsJournaldTotal.Inc()
+
+	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	reader := r.Body
+	var err error
+
+	wcr := writeconcurrencylimiter.GetReader(reader)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(wcr)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot read request body: %s", err)
+		return
+	}
+	writeconcurrencylimiter.PutReader(wcr)
+	bb := bodyBufferPool.Get()
+	defer bodyBufferPool.Put(bb)
+	if r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding") == "zstd" {
+		bb.B, err = zstd.Decompress(bb.B[:0], data)
+		if err != nil {
+			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot decompress zstd-encoded request with length %d: %s", len(data), err)
+			return
+		}
+		data = bb.B
+	}
+	cp, err := getCommonParams(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse common params from request: %s", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor()
+	n, err := parseJournaldRequest(data, lmp, cp)
+	lmp.MustClose()
+	if err != nil {
+		errorsTotal.Inc()
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse Journald protobuf request: %s", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	rowsIngestedJournaldTotal.Add(n)
+
+	// update requestJournaldDuration only for successfully parsed requests
+	// There is no need in updating requestJournaldDuration for request errors,
+	// since their timings are usually much smaller than the timing for successful request parsing.
+	requestJournaldDuration.UpdateDuration(startTime)
+}
+
+var (
+	rowsIngestedJournaldTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_ingested_total{type="journald", format="journald"}`)
+
+	requestsJournaldTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/journald/upload",format="journald"}`)
+	errorsTotal           = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/insert/journald/upload",format="journald"}`)
+
+	requestJournaldDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/journald/upload",format="journald"}`)
+)
+
+// See https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS/#journal-export-format
+func parseJournaldRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor, cp *insertutils.CommonParams) (rowsIngested int, err error) {
+	var fields []logstorage.Field
+	var ts int64
+	var size uint64
+	var name, value string
+	var line []byte
+
+	currentTimestamp := time.Now().UnixNano()
+
+	for len(data) > 0 {
+		idx := bytes.IndexByte(data, '\n')
+		switch {
+		case idx > 0:
+			// process fields
+			line = data[:idx]
+			data = data[idx+1:]
+		case idx == 0:
+			// next message or end of file
+			// double new line is a separator for the next message
+			if len(fields) > 0 {
+				if ts == 0 {
+					ts = currentTimestamp
+				}
+				lmp.AddRow(ts, fields)
+				rowsIngested++
+				fields = fields[:0]
+			}
+			// skip newline separator
+			data = data[1:]
+			continue
+		case idx < 0:
+			return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("missing new line separator, unread data left=%d", len(data))
+		}
+
+		idx = bytes.IndexByte(line, '=')
+		// could b either e key=value\n pair
+		// or just  key\n
+		// with binary data at the buffer
+		if idx > 0 {
+			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line[:idx])
+			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line[idx+1:])
+		} else {
+			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line)
+			if len(data) == 0 {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected zero data for binary field value of key=%s", name)
+			}
+			// size of binary data encoded as le i64 at the begging
+			idx, err := binary.Decode(data, binary.LittleEndian, &size)
+			if err != nil {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("failed to extract binary field %q value size: %w", name, err)
+			}
+			// skip binary data sise
+			data = data[idx:]
+			if size == 0 {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected zero binary data size decoded %d", size)
+			}
+			if int(size) > len(data) {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("binary data size=%d cannot exceed size of the data at buffer=%d", size, len(data))
+			}
+			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(data[:size])
+			data = data[int(size):]
+			// binary data must has new line separator for the new line or next field
+			if len(data) == 0 {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected empty buffer after binary field=%s read", name)
+			}
+			lastB := data[0]
+			if lastB != '\n' {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("expected new line separator after binary field=%s, got=%s", name, string(lastB))
+			}
+			data = data[1:]
+		}
+		// https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/main/src/libsystemd/sd-journal/journal-file.c#L1703
+		if len(name) > journaldEntryMaxNameLen {
+			return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("journald entry name should not exceed %d symbols, got: %q", journaldEntryMaxNameLen, name)
+		}
+		if !allowedJournaldEntryNameChars.MatchString(name) {
+			return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("journald entry name should consist of `A-Z0-9_` characters and must start from non-digit symbol")
+		}
+		if name == cp.TimeField {
+			ts, err = strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Journald timestamp, %w", err)
+			}
+			ts *= 1e3
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if slices.Contains(cp.MsgFields, name) {
+			name = "_msg"
+		}
+
+		if *journaldIncludeEntryMetadata || !strings.HasPrefix(name, "__") {
+			fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+				Name:  name,
+				Value: value,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	if len(fields) > 0 {
+		if ts == 0 {
+			ts = currentTimestamp
+		}
+		lmp.AddRow(ts, fields)
+		rowsIngested++
+	}
+	return rowsIngested, nil
+}

app/vlinsert/journald/journald_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package journald
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutils"
+)
+
+func TestPushJournaldOk(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(src string, timestampsExpected []int64, resultExpected string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
+		cp := &insertutils.CommonParams{
+			TimeField: "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP",
+			MsgFields: []string{"MESSAGE"},
+		}
+		n, err := parseJournaldRequest([]byte(src), tlp, cp)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if err := tlp.Verify(n, timestampsExpected, resultExpected); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	// Single event
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nMESSAGE=Test message\n",
+		[]int64{91723819283000},
+		"{\"_msg\":\"Test message\"}",
+	)
+
+	// Multiple events
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nMESSAGE=Test message\n\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819284\nMESSAGE=Test message2\n",
+		[]int64{91723819283000, 91723819284000},
+		"{\"_msg\":\"Test message\"}\n{\"_msg\":\"Test message2\"}",
+	)
+
+	// Parse binary data
+	f("__CURSOR=s=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588;i=1f06;b=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5;m=300bdfd420;t=62526e1182354;x=930dc44b370963b7\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP=206357648416\n__SEQNUM=7942\n__SEQNUM_ID=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588\n_BOOT_ID=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5\n_UID=0\n_GID=0\n_MACHINE_ID=a4a970370c30a925df02a13c67167847\n_HOSTNAME=ecd5e4555787\n_RUNTIME_SCOPE=system\n_TRANSPORT=journal\n_CAP_EFFECTIVE=1ffffffffff\n_SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/init.scope\n_SYSTEMD_UNIT=init.scope\n_SYSTEMD_SLICE=-.slice\nCODE_FILE=<stdin>\nCODE_LINE=1\nCODE_FUNC=<module>\nSYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=python3\n_COMM=python3\n_EXE=/usr/bin/python3.12\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x13\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasda\nasda\n_PID=2763\n_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704375\n\n",
+		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
+		"{\"_BOOT_ID\":\"f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5\",\"_UID\":\"0\",\"_GID\":\"0\",\"_MACHINE_ID\":\"a4a970370c30a925df02a13c67167847\",\"_HOSTNAME\":\"ecd5e4555787\",\"_RUNTIME_SCOPE\":\"system\",\"_TRANSPORT\":\"journal\",\"_CAP_EFFECTIVE\":\"1ffffffffff\",\"_SYSTEMD_CGROUP\":\"/init.scope\",\"_SYSTEMD_UNIT\":\"init.scope\",\"_SYSTEMD_SLICE\":\"-.slice\",\"CODE_FILE\":\"\\u003cstdin>\",\"CODE_LINE\":\"1\",\"CODE_FUNC\":\"\\u003cmodule>\",\"SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER\":\"python3\",\"_COMM\":\"python3\",\"_EXE\":\"/usr/bin/python3.12\",\"_CMDLINE\":\"python3\",\"_msg\":\"foo\\nbar\\n\\n\\nasda\\nasda\",\"_PID\":\"2763\",\"_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\":\"1729698775704375\"}",
+	)
+}
+
+func TestPushJournald_Failure(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(data string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
+		cp := &insertutils.CommonParams{
+			TimeField: "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP",
+			MsgFields: []string{"MESSAGE"},
+		}
+		_, err := parseJournaldRequest([]byte(data), tlp, cp)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected non nil error")
+		}
+	}
+	// missing new line terminator for binary encoded message
+	f("__CURSOR=s=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588;i=1f06;b=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5;m=300bdfd420;t=62526e1182354;x=930dc44b370963b7\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\nMESSAGE\n\x13\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasdaasda2")
+	// missing new line terminator
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n=Test message")
+	// empty field name
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n=Test message\n")
+	// field name starting with number
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n1incorrect=Test message\n")
+	// field name exceeds 64 limit
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\ntoolooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooongcorrecooooooooooooong=Test message\n")
+	// Only allow A-Z0-9 and '_'
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nbadC!@$!@$as=Test message\n")
+}

app/vlinsert/jsonline/jsonline.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 
 	lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor()
-	err = processStreamInternal(reader, cp.TimeField, cp.MsgField, lmp)
+	err = processStreamInternal(reader, cp.TimeField, cp.MsgFields, lmp)
 	lmp.MustClose()
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
-func processStreamInternal(r io.Reader, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) error {
+func processStreamInternal(r io.Reader, timeField string, msgFields []string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) error {
 	wcr := writeconcurrencylimiter.GetReader(r)
 	defer writeconcurrencylimiter.PutReader(wcr)
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func processStreamInternal(r io.Reader, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertut
 
 	n := 0
 	for {
-		ok, err := readLine(sc, timeField, msgField, lmp)
+		ok, err := readLine(sc, timeField, msgFields, lmp)
 		wcr.DecConcurrency()
 		if err != nil {
 			errorsTotal.Inc()
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func processStreamInternal(r io.Reader, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertut
 	}
 }
 
-func readLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (bool, error) {
+func readLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField string, msgFields []string, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (bool, error) {
 	var line []byte
 	for len(line) == 0 {
 		if !sc.Scan() {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func readLine(sc *bufio.Scanner, timeField, msgField string, lmp insertutils.Log
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot get timestamp: %w", err)
 	}
-	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, msgField, "_msg")
+	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, msgFields, "_msg")
 	lmp.AddRow(ts, p.Fields)
 	logstorage.PutJSONParser(p)
 

app/vlinsert/jsonline/jsonline_test.go

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ func TestProcessStreamInternal_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(data, timeField, msgField string, rowsExpected int, timestampsExpected []int64, resultExpected string) {
 		t.Helper()
 
+		msgFields := []string{msgField}
 		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
 		r := bytes.NewBufferString(data)
-		if err := processStreamInternal(r, timeField, msgField, tlp); err != nil {
+		if err := processStreamInternal(r, timeField, msgFields, tlp); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 		}
 
@@ -34,6 +35,18 @@ func TestProcessStreamInternal_Success(t *testing.T) {
 {"_msg":"baz"}
 {"_msg":"xyz","x":"y"}`
 	f(data, timeField, msgField, rowsExpected, timestampsExpected, resultExpected)
+
+	// Non-existing msgField
+	data = `{"@timestamp":"2023-06-06T04:48:11.735Z","log":{"offset":71770,"file":{"path":"/var/log/auth.log"}},"message":"foobar"}
+{"@timestamp":"2023-06-06T04:48:12.735+01:00","message":"baz"}
+`
+	timeField = "@timestamp"
+	msgField = "foobar"
+	rowsExpected = 2
+	timestampsExpected = []int64{1686026891735000000, 1686023292735000000}
+	resultExpected = `{"log.offset":"71770","log.file.path":"/var/log/auth.log","message":"foobar"}
+{"message":"baz"}`
+	f(data, timeField, msgField, rowsExpected, timestampsExpected, resultExpected)
 }
 
 func TestProcessStreamInternal_Failure(t *testing.T) {
@@ -42,7 +55,7 @@ func TestProcessStreamInternal_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 
 		tlp := &insertutils.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
 		r := bytes.NewBufferString(data)
-		if err := processStreamInternal(r, "time", "", tlp); err == nil {
+		if err := processStreamInternal(r, "time", nil, tlp); err == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expecting non-nil error")
 		}
 	}

app/vlinsert/loki/loki_json.go

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
+
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutils"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
@@ -15,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/common"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/writeconcurrencylimiter"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
-	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
 )
 
 var parserPool fastjson.ParserPool
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ func handleJSON(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 	n, err := parseJSONRequest(data, lmp)
 	lmp.MustClose()
 	if err != nil {
-		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse Loki json request: %s", err)
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse Loki json request: %s; data=%s", err, data)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, er
 
 	streamsV := v.Get("streams")
 	if streamsV == nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("missing `streams` item in the parsed JSON: %q", v)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("missing `streams` item in the parsed JSON")
 	}
 	streams, err := streamsV.Array()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -107,9 +108,6 @@ func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, er
 			labels = o
 		}
 		labels.Visit(func(k []byte, v *fastjson.Value) {
-			if err != nil {
-				return
-			}
 			vStr, errLocal := v.StringBytes()
 			if errLocal != nil {
 				err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected label value type for %q:%q; want string", k, v)
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, er
 		// populate messages from `values` array
 		linesV := stream.Get("values")
 		if linesV == nil {
-			return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("missing `values` item in the parsed JSON %q", stream)
+			return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("missing `values` item in the parsed `stream` object %q", stream)
 		}
 		lines, err := linesV.Array()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -140,8 +138,8 @@ func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, er
 			if err != nil {
 				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected contents of `values` item; want array; got %q", line)
 			}
-			if len(lineA) != 2 {
-				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected number of values in `values` item array %q; got %d want 2", line, len(lineA))
+			if len(lineA) < 2 || len(lineA) > 3 {
+				return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected number of values in `values` item array %q; got %d want 2 or 3", line, len(lineA))
 			}
 
 			// parse timestamp
@@ -167,6 +165,30 @@ func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutils.LogMessageProcessor) (int, er
 				Name:  "_msg",
 				Value: bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(msg),
 			})
+
+			// parse structured metadata - see https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/reference/loki-http-api/#ingest-logs
+			if len(lineA) > 2 {
+				structuredMetadata, err := lineA[2].Object()
+				if err != nil {
+					return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("unexpected structured metadata type for %q; want JSON object", lineA[2])
+				}
+
+				structuredMetadata.Visit(func(k []byte, v *fastjson.Value) {
+					vStr, errLocal := v.StringBytes()
+					if errLocal != nil {
+						err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected label value type for %q:%q; want string", k, v)
+						return
+					}
+
+					fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+						Name:  bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(k),
+						Value: bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(vStr),
+					})
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					return rowsIngested, fmt.Errorf("error when parsing `structuredMetadata` object: %w", err)
+				}
+			}
 			lmp.AddRow(ts, fields)
 		}
 		rowsIngested += len(lines)

app/vlinsert/loki/loki_json_test.go

@@ -45,13 +45,19 @@ func TestParseJSONRequest_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	// Invalid length of `values` individual item
 	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[[]]}]}`)
 	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["123"]]}]}`)
-	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["123","456","789"]]}]}`)
+	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["123","456","789","8123"]]}]}`)
 
 	// Invalid type for timestamp inside `values` individual item
 	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[[123,"456"]}]}`)
 
 	// Invalid type for log message
 	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["123",1234]]}]}`)
+
+	// invalid structured metadata type
+	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["1577836800000000001", "foo bar", ["metadata_1", "md_value"]]]}]}`)
+
+	// structured metadata with unexpected value type
+	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["1577836800000000001", "foo bar", {"metadata_1": 1}]] }]}`)
 }
 
 func TestParseJSONRequest_Success(t *testing.T) {
@@ -116,4 +122,8 @@ func TestParseJSONRequest_Success(t *testing.T) {
 }`, []int64{1577836800000000001, 1577836900005000002, 1877836900005000002}, `{"foo":"bar","a":"b","_msg":"foo bar"}
 {"foo":"bar","a":"b","_msg":"abc"}
 {"x":"y","_msg":"yx"}`)
+
+	// values with metadata
+	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["1577836800000000001", "foo bar", {"metadata_1": "md_value"}]]}]}`, []int64{1577836800000000001}, `{"_msg":"foo bar","metadata_1":"md_value"}`)
+	f(`{"streams":[{"values":[["1577836800000000001", "foo bar", {}]]}]}`, []int64{1577836800000000001}, `{"_msg":"foo bar"}`)
 }

app/vlinsert/loki/pb.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ var mp easyproto.MarshalerPool
 
 // PushRequest represents Loki PushRequest
 //
-// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/4220737a52da7ab6c9346b12d5a5d7bedbcd641d/pkg/push/push.proto#L14C1-L14C20
+// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/ada4b7b8713385fbe9f5984a5a0aaaddf1a7b851/pkg/push/push.proto#L14
 type PushRequest struct {
 	Streams []Stream
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func (pr *PushRequest) unmarshalProtobuf(entriesBuf []Entry, labelPairBuf []Labe
 
 // Stream represents Loki stream.
 //
-// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/4220737a52da7ab6c9346b12d5a5d7bedbcd641d/pkg/push/push.proto#L23
+// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/ada4b7b8713385fbe9f5984a5a0aaaddf1a7b851/pkg/push/push.proto#L23
 type Stream struct {
 	Labels  string
 	Entries []Entry
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (s *Stream) unmarshalProtobuf(entriesBuf []Entry, labelPairBuf []LabelPair,
 
 // Entry represents Loki entry.
 //
-// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/4220737a52da7ab6c9346b12d5a5d7bedbcd641d/pkg/push/push.proto#L38
+// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/ada4b7b8713385fbe9f5984a5a0aaaddf1a7b851/pkg/push/push.proto#L38
 type Entry struct {
 	Timestamp          time.Time
 	Line               string
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func (e *Entry) unmarshalProtobuf(labelPairBuf []LabelPair, src []byte) ([]Label
 
 // LabelPair represents Loki label pair.
 //
-// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/4220737a52da7ab6c9346b12d5a5d7bedbcd641d/pkg/push/push.proto#L33
+// See https://github.com/grafana/loki/blob/ada4b7b8713385fbe9f5984a5a0aaaddf1a7b851/pkg/push/push.proto#L33
 type LabelPair struct {
 	Name  string
 	Value string

app/vlinsert/main.go

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/datadog"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/elasticsearch"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/journald"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/jsonline"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/loki"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/opentelemetry"
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ func Stop() {
 // RequestHandler handles insert requests for VictoriaLogs
 func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	path := r.URL.Path
+
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/") {
 		// Skip requests, which do not start with /insert/, since these aren't our requests.
 		return false
@@ -45,6 +48,12 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/opentelemetry/"):
 		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/opentelemetry")
 		return opentelemetry.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/journald/"):
+		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/journald")
+		return journald.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/datadog/"):
+		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/datadog")
+		return datadog.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
 	default:
 		return false
 	}

app/vlinsert/syslog/syslog.go

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ package syslog
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -35,10 +37,25 @@ var (
 	syslogTimezone = flag.String("syslog.timezone", "Local", "Timezone to use when parsing timestamps in RFC3164 syslog messages. Timezone must be a valid IANA Time Zone. "+
 		"For example: America/New_York, Europe/Berlin, Etc/GMT+3 . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/")
 
-	syslogTenantIDTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.tenantID.tcp", "TenantID for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.tcp. "+
-		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/")
-	syslogTenantIDUDP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.tenantID.udp", "TenantID for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.udp. "+
-		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/")
+	streamFieldsTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.streamFields.tcp", "Fields to use as log stream labels for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.tcp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#stream-fields`)
+	streamFieldsUDP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.streamFields.udp", "Fields to use as log stream labels for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.udp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#stream-fields`)
+
+	ignoreFieldsTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.ignoreFields.tcp", "Fields to ignore at logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.tcp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#dropping-fields`)
+	ignoreFieldsUDP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.ignoreFields.udp", "Fields to ignore at logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.udp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#dropping-fields`)
+
+	extraFieldsTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.extraFields.tcp", "Fields to add to logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.tcp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#adding-extra-fields`)
+	extraFieldsUDP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.extraFields.udp", "Fields to add to logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.udp. "+
+		`See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#adding-extra-fields`)
+
+	tenantIDTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.tenantID.tcp", "TenantID for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.tcp. "+
+		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#multitenancy")
+	tenantIDUDP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.tenantID.udp", "TenantID for logs ingested via the corresponding -syslog.listenAddr.udp. "+
+		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/#multitenancy")
 
 	listenAddrTCP = flagutil.NewArrayString("syslog.listenAddr.tcp", "Comma-separated list of TCP addresses to listen to for Syslog messages. "+
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/")
@@ -150,7 +167,7 @@ func runUDPListener(addr string, argIdx int) {
 		logger.Fatalf("cannot start UDP syslog server at %q: %s", addr, err)
 	}
 
-	tenantIDStr := syslogTenantIDUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	tenantIDStr := tenantIDUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 	tenantID, err := logstorage.ParseTenantID(tenantIDStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.tenantID.udp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.udp=%q: %s", tenantIDStr, addr, err)
@@ -161,9 +178,27 @@ func runUDPListener(addr string, argIdx int) {
 
 	useLocalTimestamp := useLocalTimestampUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 
+	streamFieldsStr := streamFieldsUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	streamFields, err := parseFieldsList(streamFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.streamFields.udp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.udp=%q: %s", streamFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
+	ignoreFieldsStr := ignoreFieldsUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	ignoreFields, err := parseFieldsList(ignoreFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.ignoreFields.udp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.udp=%q: %s", ignoreFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
+	extraFieldsStr := extraFieldsUDP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	extraFields, err := parseExtraFields(extraFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.extraFields.udp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.udp=%q: %s", extraFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
 	doneCh := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		serveUDP(ln, tenantID, compressMethod, useLocalTimestamp)
+		serveUDP(ln, tenantID, compressMethod, useLocalTimestamp, streamFields, ignoreFields, extraFields)
 		close(doneCh)
 	}()
 
@@ -193,7 +228,7 @@ func runTCPListener(addr string, argIdx int) {
 		logger.Fatalf("syslog: cannot start TCP listener at %s: %s", addr, err)
 	}
 
-	tenantIDStr := syslogTenantIDTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	tenantIDStr := tenantIDTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 	tenantID, err := logstorage.ParseTenantID(tenantIDStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.tenantID.tcp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.tcp=%q: %s", tenantIDStr, addr, err)
@@ -204,9 +239,27 @@ func runTCPListener(addr string, argIdx int) {
 
 	useLocalTimestamp := useLocalTimestampTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 
+	streamFieldsStr := streamFieldsTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	streamFields, err := parseFieldsList(streamFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.streamFields.tcp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.tcp=%q: %s", streamFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
+	ignoreFieldsStr := ignoreFieldsTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	ignoreFields, err := parseFieldsList(ignoreFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.ignoreFields.tcp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.tcp=%q: %s", ignoreFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
+	extraFieldsStr := extraFieldsTCP.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
+	extraFields, err := parseExtraFields(extraFieldsStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatalf("cannot parse -syslog.extraFields.tcp=%q for -syslog.listenAddr.tcp=%q: %s", extraFieldsStr, addr, err)
+	}
+
 	doneCh := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		serveTCP(ln, tenantID, compressMethod, useLocalTimestamp)
+		serveTCP(ln, tenantID, compressMethod, useLocalTimestamp, streamFields, ignoreFields, extraFields)
 		close(doneCh)
 	}()
 
@@ -228,7 +281,7 @@ func checkCompressMethod(compressMethod, addr, protocol string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func serveUDP(ln net.PacketConn, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod string, useLocalTimestamp bool) {
+func serveUDP(ln net.PacketConn, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod string, useLocalTimestamp bool, streamFields, ignoreFields []string, extraFields []logstorage.Field) {
 	gomaxprocs := cgroup.AvailableCPUs()
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	localAddr := ln.LocalAddr()
@@ -236,7 +289,7 @@ func serveUDP(ln net.PacketConn, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod st
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			cp := insertutils.GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID)
+			cp := insertutils.GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID, streamFields, ignoreFields, extraFields)
 			var bb bytesutil.ByteBuffer
 			bb.B = bytesutil.ResizeNoCopyNoOverallocate(bb.B, 64*1024)
 			for {
@@ -270,7 +323,7 @@ func serveUDP(ln net.PacketConn, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod st
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
-func serveTCP(ln net.Listener, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod string, useLocalTimestamp bool) {
+func serveTCP(ln net.Listener, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod string, useLocalTimestamp bool, streamFields, ignoreFields []string, extraFields []logstorage.Field) {
 	var cm ingestserver.ConnsMap
 	cm.Init("syslog")
 
@@ -300,7 +353,7 @@ func serveTCP(ln net.Listener, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, compressMethod stri
 
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
-			cp := insertutils.GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID)
+			cp := insertutils.GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID, streamFields, ignoreFields, extraFields)
 			if err := processStream(c, compressMethod, useLocalTimestamp, cp); err != nil {
 				logger.Errorf("syslog: cannot process TCP data at %q: %s", addr, err)
 			}
@@ -514,13 +567,15 @@ func processLine(line []byte, currentYear int, timezone *time.Location, useLocal
 		}
 		ts = nsecs
 	}
-	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, "message", "_msg")
+	logstorage.RenameField(p.Fields, msgFields, "_msg")
 	lmp.AddRow(ts, p.Fields)
 	logstorage.PutSyslogParser(p)
 
 	return nil
 }
 
+var msgFields = []string{"message"}
+
 var (
 	rowsIngestedTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_rows_ingested_total{type="syslog"}`)
 
@@ -529,3 +584,35 @@ var (
 	udpRequestsTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_udp_reqests_total{type="syslog"}`)
 	udpErrorsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_udp_errors_total{type="syslog"}`)
 )
+
+func parseFieldsList(s string) ([]string, error) {
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var a []string
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &a)
+	return a, err
+}
+
+func parseExtraFields(s string) ([]logstorage.Field, error) {
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var m map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	fields := make([]logstorage.Field, 0, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: v,
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(fields, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return fields[i].Name < fields[j].Name
+	})
+	return fields, nil
+}

app/vlogscli/less_wrapper.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func isTerminal() bool {
 	return isatty.IsTerminal(os.Stdout.Fd()) && isatty.IsTerminal(os.Stderr.Fd())
 }
 
-func readWithLess(r io.Reader) error {
+func readWithLess(r io.Reader, wrapLongLines bool) error {
 	if !isTerminal() {
 		// Just write everything to stdout if no terminal is available.
 		_, err := io.Copy(os.Stdout, r)
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ func readWithLess(r io.Reader) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot find 'less' command: %w", err)
 	}
-	p, err := os.StartProcess(path, []string{"less", "-F", "-X"}, &os.ProcAttr{
+	opts := []string{"less", "-F", "-X"}
+	if !wrapLongLines {
+		opts = append(opts, "-S")
+	}
+	p, err := os.StartProcess(path, opts, &os.ProcAttr{
 		Env:   append(os.Environ(), "LESSCHARSET=utf-8"),
 		Files: []*os.File{pr, os.Stdout, os.Stderr},
 	})

app/vlogscli/main.go

@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ func main() {
 		fatalf("cannot initialize readline: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(rl, "sending queries to %s\n", *datasourceURL)
-
+	fmt.Fprintf(rl, "sending queries to -datasource.url=%s\n", *datasourceURL)
+	fmt.Fprintf(rl, `type ? and press enter to see available commands`+"\n")
 	runReadlineLoop(rl, &incompleteLine)
 
 	if err := rl.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ func runReadlineLoop(rl *readline.Instance, incompleteLine *string) {
 	}
 
 	outputMode := outputModeJSONMultiline
+	wrapLongLines := false
 	s := ""
 	for {
 		line, err := rl.ReadLine()
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ func runReadlineLoop(rl *readline.Instance, incompleteLine *string) {
 			case io.EOF:
 				if s != "" {
 					// This is non-interactive query execution.
-					executeQuery(context.Background(), rl, s, outputMode)
+					executeQuery(context.Background(), rl, s, outputMode, wrapLongLines)
 				}
 				return
 			case readline.ErrInterrupt:
@@ -163,6 +164,18 @@ func runReadlineLoop(rl *readline.Instance, incompleteLine *string) {
 			s = ""
 			continue
 		}
+		if s == `\wrap_long_lines` {
+			if wrapLongLines {
+				wrapLongLines = false
+				fmt.Fprintf(rl, "wrapping of long lines is disabled\n")
+			} else {
+				wrapLongLines = true
+				fmt.Fprintf(rl, "wrapping of long lines is enabled\n")
+			}
+			historyLines = pushToHistory(rl, historyLines, s)
+			s = ""
+			continue
+		}
 		if line != "" && !strings.HasSuffix(line, ";") {
 			// Assume the query is incomplete and allow the user finishing the query on the next line
 			s += "\n"
@@ -172,7 +185,7 @@ func runReadlineLoop(rl *readline.Instance, incompleteLine *string) {
 
 		// Execute the query
 		ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
-		executeQuery(ctx, rl, s, outputMode)
+		executeQuery(ctx, rl, s, outputMode, wrapLongLines)
 		cancel()
 
 		historyLines = pushToHistory(rl, historyLines, s)
@@ -252,18 +265,21 @@ func isHelpCommand(s string) bool {
 }
 
 func printCommandsHelp(w io.Writer) {
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", `List of available commands:
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", `Available commands:
 \q - quit
 \h - show this help
 \s - singleline json output mode
 \m - multiline json output mode
 \c - compact output
 \logfmt - logfmt output mode
+\wrap_long_lines - toggles wrapping long lines
 \tail <query> - live tail <query> results
+
+See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/vlogscli/ for more details
 `)
 }
 
-func executeQuery(ctx context.Context, output io.Writer, qStr string, outputMode outputMode) {
+func executeQuery(ctx context.Context, output io.Writer, qStr string, outputMode outputMode, wrapLongLines bool) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(qStr, `\tail `) {
 		tailQuery(ctx, output, qStr, outputMode)
 		return
@@ -277,7 +293,7 @@ func executeQuery(ctx context.Context, output io.Writer, qStr string, outputMode
 		_ = respBody.Close()
 	}()
 
-	if err := readWithLess(respBody); err != nil {
+	if err := readWithLess(respBody, wrapLongLines); err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(output, "error when reading query response: %s\n", err)
 		return
 	}

app/vlselect/logsql/logsql.go

@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ func ProcessHitsRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requ
 	}
 
 	// Prepare the query for hits count.
-	q.Optimize()
 	q.DropAllPipes()
 	q.AddCountByTimePipe(int64(step), int64(offset), fields)
 
@@ -204,7 +203,6 @@ func ProcessFieldNamesRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *htt
 	}
 
 	// Obtain field names for the given query
-	q.Optimize()
 	fieldNames, err := vlstorage.GetFieldNames(ctx, tenantIDs, q)
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain field names: %s", err)
@@ -244,7 +242,6 @@ func ProcessFieldValuesRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *ht
 	}
 
 	// Obtain unique values for the given field
-	q.Optimize()
 	values, err := vlstorage.GetFieldValues(ctx, tenantIDs, q, fieldName, uint64(limit))
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain values for field %q: %s", fieldName, err)
@@ -267,7 +264,6 @@ func ProcessStreamFieldNamesRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter,
 	}
 
 	// Obtain stream field names for the given query
-	q.Optimize()
 	names, err := vlstorage.GetStreamFieldNames(ctx, tenantIDs, q)
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain stream field names: %s", err)
@@ -306,7 +302,6 @@ func ProcessStreamFieldValuesRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter,
 	}
 
 	// Obtain stream field values for the given query and the given fieldName
-	q.Optimize()
 	values, err := vlstorage.GetStreamFieldValues(ctx, tenantIDs, q, fieldName, uint64(limit))
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain stream field values: %s", err)
@@ -338,7 +333,6 @@ func ProcessStreamIDsRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http
 	}
 
 	// Obtain streamIDs for the given query
-	q.Optimize()
 	streamIDs, err := vlstorage.GetStreamIDs(ctx, tenantIDs, q, uint64(limit))
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain stream_ids: %s", err)
@@ -370,7 +364,6 @@ func ProcessStreamsRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.R
 	}
 
 	// Obtain streams for the given query
-	q.Optimize()
 	streams, err := vlstorage.GetStreams(ctx, tenantIDs, q, uint64(limit))
 	if err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot obtain streams: %s", err)
@@ -398,7 +391,6 @@ func ProcessLiveTailRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.
 			"see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/#live-tailing for details", q)
 		return
 	}
-	q.Optimize()
 
 	refreshIntervalMsecs, err := httputils.GetDuration(r, "refresh_interval", 1000)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -407,13 +399,28 @@ func ProcessLiveTailRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.
 	}
 	refreshInterval := time.Millisecond * time.Duration(refreshIntervalMsecs)
 
+	startOffsetMsecs, err := httputils.GetDuration(r, "start_offset", 5*1000)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
+		return
+	}
+	startOffset := startOffsetMsecs * 1e6
+
+	offsetMsecs, err := httputils.GetDuration(r, "offset", 1000)
+	if err != nil {
+		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
+		return
+	}
+	offset := offsetMsecs * 1e6
+
 	ctxWithCancel, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	tp := newTailProcessor(cancel)
 
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(refreshInterval)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
 
-	end := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	end := time.Now().UnixNano() - offset
+	start := end - startOffset
 	doneCh := ctxWithCancel.Done()
 	flusher, ok := w.(http.Flusher)
 	if !ok {
@@ -421,14 +428,7 @@ func ProcessLiveTailRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.
 	}
 	qOrig := q
 	for {
-		start := end - tailOffsetNsecs
-		end = time.Now().UnixNano()
-
-		q = qOrig.Clone(end)
-		q.AddTimeFilter(start, end)
-		// q.Optimize() call is needed for converting '*' into filterNoop.
-		// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/6785#issuecomment-2358547733
-		q.Optimize()
+		q = qOrig.CloneWithTimeFilter(end, start, end)
 		if err := vlstorage.RunQuery(ctxWithCancel, tenantIDs, q, tp.writeBlock); err != nil {
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot execute tail query [%s]: %s", q, err)
 			return
@@ -447,6 +447,8 @@ func ProcessLiveTailRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.
 		case <-doneCh:
 			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
+			start = end - tailOffsetNsecs
+			end = time.Now().UnixNano() - offset
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -605,8 +607,6 @@ func ProcessStatsQueryRangeRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r
 		return
 	}
 
-	q.Optimize()
-
 	m := make(map[string]*statsSeries)
 	var mLock sync.Mutex
 
@@ -717,8 +717,6 @@ func ProcessStatsQueryRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *htt
 		return
 	}
 
-	q.Optimize()
-
 	var rows []statsRow
 	var rowsLock sync.Mutex
 
@@ -818,7 +816,6 @@ func ProcessQueryRequest(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 
 		q.AddPipeLimit(uint64(limit))
 	}
-	q.Optimize()
 
 	writeBlock := func(_ uint, timestamps []int64, columns []logstorage.BlockColumn) {
 		if len(columns) == 0 || len(columns[0].Values) == 0 {
@@ -849,7 +846,6 @@ type row struct {
 func getLastNQueryResults(ctx context.Context, tenantIDs []logstorage.TenantID, q *logstorage.Query, limit int) ([]row, error) {
 	limitUpper := 2 * limit
 	q.AddPipeLimit(uint64(limitUpper))
-	q.Optimize()
 
 	rows, err := getQueryResultsWithLimit(ctx, tenantIDs, q, limitUpper)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -869,11 +865,7 @@ func getLastNQueryResults(ctx context.Context, tenantIDs []logstorage.TenantID,
 	qOrig := q
 	for {
 		timestamp := qOrig.GetTimestamp()
-		q = qOrig.Clone(timestamp)
-		q.AddTimeFilter(start, end)
-		// q.Optimize() call is needed for converting '*' into filterNoop.
-		// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/6785#issuecomment-2358547733
-		q.Optimize()
+		q = qOrig.CloneWithTimeFilter(timestamp, start, end)
 		rows, err := getQueryResultsWithLimit(ctx, tenantIDs, q, limitUpper)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -977,14 +969,29 @@ func parseCommonArgs(r *http.Request) (*logstorage.Query, []logstorage.TenantID,
 	}
 	tenantIDs := []logstorage.TenantID{tenantID}
 
+	// Parse optional start and end args
+	start, okStart, err := getTimeNsec(r, "start")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	end, okEnd, err := getTimeNsec(r, "end")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
 	// Parse optional time arg
 	timestamp, okTime, err := getTimeNsec(r, "time")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	if !okTime {
-		// If time arg is missing, then evaluate query at the current timestamp
-		timestamp = time.Now().UnixNano()
+		// If time arg is missing, then evaluate query either at the end timestamp (if it is set)
+		// or at the current timestamp (if end query arg isn't set)
+		if okEnd {
+			timestamp = end
+		} else {
+			timestamp = time.Now().UnixNano()
+		}
 	}
 
 	// decrease timestamp by one nanosecond in order to avoid capturing logs belonging
@@ -998,16 +1005,8 @@ func parseCommonArgs(r *http.Request) (*logstorage.Query, []logstorage.TenantID,
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse query [%s]: %s", qStr, err)
 	}
 
-	// Parse optional start and end args
-	start, okStart, err := getTimeNsec(r, "start")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	end, okEnd, err := getTimeNsec(r, "end")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
 	if okStart || okEnd {
+		// Add _time:[start, end] filter if start or end args were set.
 		if !okStart {
 			start = math.MinInt64
 		}
@@ -1017,6 +1016,20 @@ func parseCommonArgs(r *http.Request) (*logstorage.Query, []logstorage.TenantID,
 		q.AddTimeFilter(start, end)
 	}
 
+	// Parse optional extra_filters
+	extraFilters, err := getExtraFilters(r, "extra_filters")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	q.AddExtraFilters(extraFilters)
+
+	// Parse optional extra_stream_filters
+	extraStreamFilters, err := getExtraFilters(r, "extra_stream_filters")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	q.AddExtraStreamFilters(extraStreamFilters)
+
 	return q, tenantIDs, nil
 }
 
@@ -1032,3 +1045,16 @@ func getTimeNsec(r *http.Request, argName string) (int64, bool, error) {
 	}
 	return nsecs, true, nil
 }
+
+func getExtraFilters(r *http.Request, argName string) ([]logstorage.Field, error) {
+	s := r.FormValue(argName)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var p logstorage.JSONParser
+	if err := p.ParseLogMessage([]byte(s)); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse %s: %w", argName, err)
+	}
+	return p.Fields, nil
+}

app/vlselect/main.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var (
 		"See also -search.maxQueueDuration")
 	maxQueueDuration = flag.Duration("search.maxQueueDuration", 10*time.Second, "The maximum time the search request waits for execution when -search.maxConcurrentRequests "+
 		"limit is reached; see also -search.maxQueryDuration")
-	maxQueryDuration = flag.Duration("search.maxQueryDuration", time.Second*30, "The maximum duration for query execution. It can be overridden on a per-query basis via 'timeout' query arg")
+	maxQueryDuration = flag.Duration("search.maxQueryDuration", time.Second*30, "The maximum duration for query execution. It can be overridden to a smaller value on a per-query basis via 'timeout' query arg")
 )
 
 func getDefaultMaxConcurrentRequests() int {

app/vlselect/vmui/asset-manifest.json

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {
   "files": {
     "main.css": "./static/css/main.faf86aa5.css",
-    "main.js": "./static/js/main.2810cc52.js",
+    "main.js": "./static/js/main.b204330a.js",
     "static/js/685.f772060c.chunk.js": "./static/js/685.f772060c.chunk.js",
     "static/media/MetricsQL.md": "./static/media/MetricsQL.a00044c91d9781cf8557.md",
     "index.html": "./index.html"
   },
   "entrypoints": [
     "static/css/main.faf86aa5.css",
-    "static/js/main.2810cc52.js"
+    "static/js/main.b204330a.js"
   ]
 }

app/vlselect/vmui/index.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="./favicon.svg" color="#000000"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=5"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta name="description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"/><link rel="manifest" href="./manifest.json"/><title>UI for VictoriaLogs</title><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="UI for VictoriaLogs"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@https://victoriametrics.com/products/victorialogs/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"><meta name="twitter:image" content="./preview.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaLogs"><meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/products/victorialogs/"><meta property="og:description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"><script defer="defer" src="./static/js/main.2810cc52.js"></script><link href="./static/css/main.faf86aa5.css" rel="stylesheet"></head><body><noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript><div id="root"></div></body></html>
+<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="./favicon.svg" color="#000000"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=5"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta name="description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"/><link rel="manifest" href="./manifest.json"/><title>UI for VictoriaLogs</title><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="UI for VictoriaLogs"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@https://victoriametrics.com/products/victorialogs/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"><meta name="twitter:image" content="./preview.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaLogs"><meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/products/victorialogs/"><meta property="og:description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI"><script defer="defer" src="./static/js/main.b204330a.js"></script><link href="./static/css/main.faf86aa5.css" rel="stylesheet"></head><body><noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript><div id="root"></div></body></html>

app/vmagent/main.go

@@ -510,7 +510,13 @@ func processMultitenantRequest(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, path stri
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 			return true
 		}
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+		statusCode := http.StatusNoContent
+		if strings.HasPrefix(p.Suffix, "prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus/metrics/job/") {
+			// Return 200 status code for pushgateway requests.
+			// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3636
+			statusCode = http.StatusOK
+		}
+		w.WriteHeader(statusCode)
 		return true
 	}
 	if strings.HasPrefix(p.Suffix, "datadog/") {

app/vmalert-tool/unittest/recording.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promutils"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metricsql"
 )
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ Outer:
 		}
 		var expSamples []parsedSample
 		for _, s := range mt.ExpSamples {
-			expLb := datasource.Labels{}
+			expLb := []prompbmarshal.Label{}
 			if s.Labels != "" {
 				metricsqlExpr, err := metricsql.Parse(s.Labels)
 				if err != nil {
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ Outer:
 				}
 				if len(metricsqlMetricExpr.LabelFilterss) > 0 {
 					for _, l := range metricsqlMetricExpr.LabelFilterss[0] {
-						expLb = append(expLb, datasource.Label{
+						expLb = append(expLb, prompbmarshal.Label{
 							Name:  l.Label,
 							Value: l.Value,
 						})

app/vmalert-tool/unittest/unittest.go

@@ -270,6 +270,9 @@ func (tg *testGroup) test(evalInterval time.Duration, groupOrderMap map[string]i
 	// tear down vmstorage and clean the data dir
 	defer tearDown()
 
+	if tg.Interval == nil {
+		tg.Interval = promutils.NewDuration(evalInterval)
+	}
 	err := writeInputSeries(tg.InputSeries, tg.Interval, testStartTime, testPromWriteHTTPPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return []error{err}

app/vmalert/config/config.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package config
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/md5"
+	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"io"
@@ -17,6 +18,10 @@ import (
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )
 
+var (
+	defaultRuleType = flag.String("rule.defaultRuleType", "prometheus", `Default type for rule expressions, can be overridden via "type" parameter on the group level, see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/#groups. Supported values: "graphite", "prometheus" and "vlogs".`)
+)
+
 // Group contains list of Rules grouped into
 // entity with one name and evaluation interval
 type Group struct {
@@ -59,11 +64,9 @@ func (g *Group) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(any) error) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal group configuration for checksum: %w", err)
 	}
-	// change default value to prometheus datasource.
 	if g.Type.Get() == "" {
-		g.Type.Set(NewPrometheusType())
+		g.Type = NewRawType(*defaultRuleType)
 	}
-
 	h := md5.New()
 	h.Write(b)
 	g.Checksum = fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))

app/vmalert/config/config_test.go

@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ func TestParse_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	f([]string{"testdata/dir/rules3-bad.rules"}, "either `record` or `alert` must be set")
 	f([]string{"testdata/dir/rules4-bad.rules"}, "either `record` or `alert` must be set")
 	f([]string{"testdata/rules/rules1-bad.rules"}, "bad graphite expr")
+	f([]string{"testdata/rules/vlog-rules0-bad.rules"}, "bad LogsQL expr")
 	f([]string{"testdata/dir/rules6-bad.rules"}, "missing ':' in header")
 	f([]string{"testdata/rules/rules-multi-doc-bad.rules"}, "unknown fields")
 	f([]string{"testdata/rules/rules-multi-doc-duplicates-bad.rules"}, "duplicate")
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ func TestGroupValidate_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	}, false, "duplicate")
 
 	f(&Group{
-		Name: "test graphite prometheus bad expr",
+		Name: "test graphite with prometheus expr",
 		Type: NewGraphiteType(),
 		Rules: []Rule{
 			{
@@ -267,6 +268,20 @@ func TestGroupValidate_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}, false, "either `record` or `alert` must be set")
 
+	f(&Group{
+		Name: "test vlogs with prometheus expr",
+		Type: NewVLogsType(),
+		Rules: []Rule{
+			{
+				Expr: "sum(up == 0 ) by (host)",
+				For:  promutils.NewDuration(10 * time.Millisecond),
+			},
+			{
+				Expr: "sumSeries(time('foo.bar',10))",
+			},
+		},
+	}, false, "invalid rule")
+
 	// validate expressions
 	f(&Group{
 		Name: "test",
@@ -297,6 +312,16 @@ func TestGroupValidate_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 			}},
 		},
 	}, true, "bad graphite expr")
+
+	f(&Group{
+		Name: "test vlogs",
+		Type: NewVLogsType(),
+		Rules: []Rule{
+			{Alert: "alert", Expr: "stats count(*) as requests", Labels: map[string]string{
+				"description": "some-description",
+			}},
+		},
+	}, true, "bad LogsQL expr")
 }
 
 func TestGroupValidate_Success(t *testing.T) {
@@ -336,7 +361,7 @@ func TestGroupValidate_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}, false, false)
 
-	// validate annotiations
+	// validate annotations
 	f(&Group{
 		Name: "test",
 		Rules: []Rule{
@@ -363,6 +388,15 @@ func TestGroupValidate_Success(t *testing.T) {
 			}},
 		},
 	}, false, true)
+	f(&Group{
+		Name: "test victorialogs",
+		Type: NewVLogsType(),
+		Rules: []Rule{
+			{Alert: "alert", Expr: " _time: 1m | stats count(*) as requests", Labels: map[string]string{
+				"description": "{{ value|query }}",
+			}},
+		},
+	}, false, true)
 }
 
 func TestHashRule_NotEqual(t *testing.T) {

app/vmalert/config/testdata/rules/vlog-rules0-bad.rules

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+groups:
+  - name: InvalidStatsLogsql
+    type: vlogs
+    interval: 5m
+    rules:
+      - record: MissingFilter
+        expr: 'stats count(*) as requests'
+      - record: MissingStatsPipe
+        expr: 'service: "nginx"'
+

app/vmalert/config/testdata/rules/vlog-rules0-good.rules

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+groups:
+  - name: RequestCount
+    type: vlogs
+    interval: 5m
+    rules:
+      - record: nginxRequestCount
+        expr: 'env: "test" AND service: "nginx" | stats count(*) as requests'
+        annotations:
+          description: "Service nginx on env test accepted {{$labels.requests}} requests in the last 5 minutes"
+      - record: prodRequestCount
+        expr: 'env: "prod" | stats by (service) count(*) as requests'
+        annotations:
+          description: "Service {{$labels.service}} on env prod accepted {{$labels.requests}} requests in the last 5 minutes"
+  - name: ServiceLog
+    type: vlogs
+    interval: 5m
+    rules:
+      - alert: HasErrorLog
+        expr: 'env: "prod" AND status:~"error|warn" | stats by (service) count(*) as errorLog | filter errorLog:>0'
+        annotations:
+          description: "Service {{$labels.service}} generated {{$labels.errorLog}} error logs in the last 5 minutes"
+  - name: ServiceRequest
+    type: vlogs
+    interval: 10m
+    rules:
+      - alert: TooManyFailedRequest
+        expr: '* | extract "ip=<ip> " | extract "status_code=<code>;" | stats by (ip) count() if (code:!~200) as failed, count() as total| math failed / total as failed_percentage| filter failed_percentage :> 0.01 | fields ip,failed_percentage'
+        annotations:
+          description: "Connection from address {{$labels.ip}} has {{$value}} failed requests ratio in last 10 minutes"

app/vmalert/config/types.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmselect/graphiteql"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metricsql"
 )
 
@@ -27,6 +28,13 @@ func NewGraphiteType() Type {
 	}
 }
 
+// NewVLogsType returns victorialogs datasource type
+func NewVLogsType() Type {
+	return Type{
+		Name: "vlogs",
+	}
+}
+
 // NewRawType returns datasource type from raw string
 // without validation.
 func NewRawType(d string) Type {
@@ -62,6 +70,10 @@ func (t *Type) ValidateExpr(expr string) error {
 		if _, err := metricsql.Parse(expr); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("bad prometheus expr: %q, err: %w", expr, err)
 		}
+	case "vlogs":
+		if _, err := logstorage.ParseStatsQuery(expr, 0); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("bad LogsQL expr: %q, err: %w", expr, err)
+		}
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown datasource type=%q", t.Name)
 	}
@@ -74,13 +86,10 @@ func (t *Type) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(any) error) error {
 	if err := unmarshal(&s); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if s == "" {
-		s = "prometheus"
-	}
 	switch s {
-	case "graphite", "prometheus":
+	case "graphite", "prometheus", "vlogs":
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown datasource type=%q, want %q or %q", s, "prometheus", "graphite")
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown datasource type=%q, want prometheus, graphite or vlogs", s)
 	}
 	t.Name = s
 	return nil

app/vmalert/datasource/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+package datasource
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/netutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promauth"
+)
+
+type datasourceType string
+
+const (
+	datasourcePrometheus datasourceType = "prometheus"
+	datasourceGraphite   datasourceType = "graphite"
+	datasourceVLogs      datasourceType = "vlogs"
+)
+
+func toDatasourceType(s string) datasourceType {
+	switch s {
+	case string(datasourcePrometheus):
+		return datasourcePrometheus
+	case string(datasourceGraphite):
+		return datasourceGraphite
+	case string(datasourceVLogs):
+		return datasourceVLogs
+	default:
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unknown datasource type %q", s)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// Client is a datasource entity for reading data,
+// supported clients are enumerated in datasourceType.
+// WARN: when adding a new field, remember to check if Clone() method needs to be updated.
+type Client struct {
+	c                *http.Client
+	authCfg          *promauth.Config
+	datasourceURL    string
+	appendTypePrefix bool
+	queryStep        time.Duration
+	dataSourceType   datasourceType
+	// ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter is only valid for vlogs datasource.
+	// Set to true if there is no [timeFilter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#time-filter) in the rule expression,
+	// and we will add evaluation interval as an additional timeFilter when querying.
+	applyIntervalAsTimeFilter bool
+
+	// evaluationInterval will help setting request's `step` param,
+	// or adding time filter for LogsQL expression.
+	evaluationInterval time.Duration
+	// extraParams contains params to be attached to each HTTP request
+	extraParams url.Values
+	// extraHeaders are headers to be attached to each HTTP request
+	extraHeaders []keyValue
+
+	// whether to print additional log messages
+	// for each sent request
+	debug bool
+}
+
+type keyValue struct {
+	key   string
+	value string
+}
+
+// Clone clones shared http client and other configuration to the new client.
+func (c *Client) Clone() *Client {
+	ns := &Client{
+		c:                c.c,
+		authCfg:          c.authCfg,
+		datasourceURL:    c.datasourceURL,
+		appendTypePrefix: c.appendTypePrefix,
+		queryStep:        c.queryStep,
+
+		dataSourceType:     c.dataSourceType,
+		evaluationInterval: c.evaluationInterval,
+
+		// init map so it can be populated below
+		extraParams: url.Values{},
+
+		debug: c.debug,
+	}
+	if len(c.extraHeaders) > 0 {
+		ns.extraHeaders = make([]keyValue, len(c.extraHeaders))
+		copy(ns.extraHeaders, c.extraHeaders)
+	}
+	for k, v := range c.extraParams {
+		ns.extraParams[k] = v
+	}
+
+	return ns
+}
+
+// ApplyParams - changes given querier params.
+func (c *Client) ApplyParams(params QuerierParams) *Client {
+	if params.DataSourceType != "" {
+		c.dataSourceType = toDatasourceType(params.DataSourceType)
+	}
+	c.evaluationInterval = params.EvaluationInterval
+	c.applyIntervalAsTimeFilter = params.ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter
+	if params.QueryParams != nil {
+		if c.extraParams == nil {
+			c.extraParams = url.Values{}
+		}
+		for k, vl := range params.QueryParams {
+			// custom query params are prior to default ones
+			if c.extraParams.Has(k) {
+				c.extraParams.Del(k)
+			}
+			for _, v := range vl {
+				// don't use .Set() instead of Del/Add since it is allowed
+				// for GET params to be duplicated
+				// see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/4908
+				c.extraParams.Add(k, v)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if params.Headers != nil {
+		for key, value := range params.Headers {
+			kv := keyValue{key: key, value: value}
+			c.extraHeaders = append(c.extraHeaders, kv)
+		}
+	}
+	c.debug = params.Debug
+	return c
+}
+
+// BuildWithParams - implements interface.
+func (c *Client) BuildWithParams(params QuerierParams) Querier {
+	return c.Clone().ApplyParams(params)
+}
+
+// NewPrometheusClient returns a new prometheus datasource client.
+func NewPrometheusClient(baseURL string, authCfg *promauth.Config, appendTypePrefix bool, c *http.Client) *Client {
+	return &Client{
+		c:                c,
+		authCfg:          authCfg,
+		datasourceURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/"),
+		appendTypePrefix: appendTypePrefix,
+		queryStep:        *queryStep,
+		dataSourceType:   datasourcePrometheus,
+		extraParams:      url.Values{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Query executes the given query and returns parsed response
+func (c *Client) Query(ctx context.Context, query string, ts time.Time) (Result, *http.Request, error) {
+	req, err := c.newQueryRequest(ctx, query, ts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, nil, err
+	}
+	resp, err := c.do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) && !netutil.IsTrivialNetworkError(err) {
+			// Return unexpected error to the caller.
+			return Result{}, nil, err
+		}
+		// Something in the middle between client and datasource might be closing
+		// the connection. So we do a one more attempt in hope request will succeed.
+		req, err = c.newQueryRequest(ctx, query, ts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Result{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
+		}
+		resp, err = c.do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Result{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Process the received response.
+	var parseFn func(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) (Result, error)
+	switch c.dataSourceType {
+	case datasourcePrometheus:
+		parseFn = parsePrometheusResponse
+	case datasourceGraphite:
+		parseFn = parseGraphiteResponse
+	case datasourceVLogs:
+		parseFn = parseVLogsResponse
+	default:
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unsupported datasource type %q to parse query response", c.dataSourceType)
+	}
+	result, err := parseFn(req, resp)
+	_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	return result, req, err
+}
+
+// QueryRange executes the given query on the given time range.
+// For Prometheus type see https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#range-queries
+// Graphite type isn't supported.
+func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, query string, start, end time.Time) (res Result, err error) {
+	if c.dataSourceType == datasourceGraphite {
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("%q is not supported for QueryRange", c.dataSourceType)
+	}
+	// TODO: disable range query LogsQL with time filter now
+	if c.dataSourceType == datasourceVLogs && !c.applyIntervalAsTimeFilter {
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("range query is not supported for LogsQL expression %q because it contains time filter. Remove time filter from the expression and try again", query)
+	}
+	if start.IsZero() {
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("start param is missing")
+	}
+	if end.IsZero() {
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("end param is missing")
+	}
+	req, err := c.newQueryRangeRequest(ctx, query, start, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		return res, err
+	}
+	resp, err := c.do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) && !netutil.IsTrivialNetworkError(err) {
+			// Return unexpected error to the caller.
+			return res, err
+		}
+		// Something in the middle between client and datasource might be closing
+		// the connection. So we do a one more attempt in hope request will succeed.
+		req, err = c.newQueryRangeRequest(ctx, query, start, end)
+		if err != nil {
+			return res, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
+		}
+		resp, err = c.do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return res, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Process the received response.
+	var parseFn func(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) (Result, error)
+	switch c.dataSourceType {
+	case datasourcePrometheus:
+		parseFn = parsePrometheusResponse
+	case datasourceVLogs:
+		parseFn = parseVLogsResponse
+	default:
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unsupported datasource type %q to parse query range response", c.dataSourceType)
+	}
+	res, err = parseFn(req, resp)
+	_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	return res, err
+}
+
+func (c *Client) do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	ru := req.URL.Redacted()
+	if *showDatasourceURL {
+		ru = req.URL.String()
+	}
+	if c.debug {
+		logger.Infof("DEBUG datasource request: executing %s request with params %q", req.Method, ru)
+	}
+	resp, err := c.c.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting response from %s: %w", ru, err)
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected response code %d for %s. Response body %s", resp.StatusCode, ru, body)
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Client) newQueryRangeRequest(ctx context.Context, query string, start, end time.Time) (*http.Request, error) {
+	req, err := c.newRequest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create query_range request to datasource %q: %w", c.datasourceURL, err)
+	}
+	switch c.dataSourceType {
+	case datasourcePrometheus:
+		c.setPrometheusRangeReqParams(req, query, start, end)
+	case datasourceVLogs:
+		c.setVLogsRangeReqParams(req, query, start, end)
+	default:
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unsupported datasource type %q to create range query request", c.dataSourceType)
+	}
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Client) newQueryRequest(ctx context.Context, query string, ts time.Time) (*http.Request, error) {
+	req, err := c.newRequest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create query request to datasource %q: %w", c.datasourceURL, err)
+	}
+	switch c.dataSourceType {
+	case datasourcePrometheus:
+		c.setPrometheusInstantReqParams(req, query, ts)
+	case datasourceGraphite:
+		c.setGraphiteReqParams(req, query)
+	case datasourceVLogs:
+		c.setVLogsInstantReqParams(req, query, ts)
+	default:
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unsupported datasource type %q to create query request", c.dataSourceType)
+	}
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Client) newRequest(ctx context.Context) (*http.Request, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.datasourceURL, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected error from http.NewRequest(%q): %s", c.datasourceURL, err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	if c.authCfg != nil {
+		err = c.authCfg.SetHeaders(req, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	for _, h := range c.extraHeaders {
+		req.Header.Set(h.key, h.value)
+	}
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+// setReqParams adds query and other extra params for the request.
+func (c *Client) setReqParams(r *http.Request, query string) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	for k, vs := range c.extraParams {
+		if q.Has(k) { // extraParams are prior to params in URL
+			q.Del(k)
+		}
+		for _, v := range vs {
+			q.Add(k, v)
+		}
+	}
+	q.Set("query", query)
+	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+}

app/vmalert/datasource/client_graphite.go

@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ const (
 	graphitePrefix = "/graphite"
 )
 
-func (s *VMStorage) setGraphiteReqParams(r *http.Request, query string) {
-	if s.appendTypePrefix {
+func (c *Client) setGraphiteReqParams(r *http.Request, query string) {
+	if c.appendTypePrefix {
 		r.URL.Path += graphitePrefix
 	}
 	r.URL.Path += graphitePath
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (s *VMStorage) setGraphiteReqParams(r *http.Request, query string) {
 	q.Set("target", query)
 	q.Set("until", "now")
 
-	for k, vs := range s.extraParams {
+	for k, vs := range c.extraParams {
 		if q.Has(k) { // extraParams are prior to params in URL
 			q.Del(k)
 		}

app/vmalert/datasource/client_prom.go

@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 
 	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
 )
 
 var (
-	disablePathAppend = flag.Bool("remoteRead.disablePathAppend", false, "Whether to disable automatic appending of '/api/v1/query' path "+
+	disablePathAppend = flag.Bool("remoteRead.disablePathAppend", false, "Whether to disable automatic appending of '/api/v1/query' or '/select/logsql/stats_query' path "+
 		"to the configured -datasource.url and -remoteRead.url")
-	disableStepParam = flag.Bool("datasource.disableStepParam", false, "Whether to disable adding 'step' param to the issued instant queries. "+
+	disableStepParam = flag.Bool("datasource.disableStepParam", false, "Whether to disable adding 'step' param in instant queries to the configured -datasource.url and -remoteRead.url. "+
+		"Only valid for prometheus datasource. "+
 		"This might be useful when using vmalert with datasources that do not support 'step' param for instant queries, like Google Managed Prometheus. "+
 		"It is not recommended to enable this flag if you use vmalert with VictoriaMetrics.")
 )
@@ -81,14 +83,14 @@ func (pi *promInstant) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 		labels := metric.GetObject()
 
 		r := &pi.ms[i]
-		r.Labels = make([]Label, 0, labels.Len())
+		r.Labels = make([]prompbmarshal.Label, 0, labels.Len())
 		labels.Visit(func(key []byte, v *fastjson.Value) {
 			lv, errLocal := v.StringBytes()
 			if errLocal != nil {
 				err = fmt.Errorf("error when parsing label value %q: %s", v, errLocal)
 				return
 			}
-			r.Labels = append(r.Labels, Label{
+			r.Labels = append(r.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
 				Name:  string(key),
 				Value: string(lv),
 			})
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ const (
 func parsePrometheusResponse(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) (res Result, err error) {
 	r := &promResponse{}
 	if err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(r); err != nil {
-		return res, fmt.Errorf("error parsing prometheus metrics for %s: %w", req.URL.Redacted(), err)
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("error parsing response from %s: %w", req.URL.Redacted(), err)
 	}
 	if r.Status == statusError {
 		return res, fmt.Errorf("response error, query: %s, errorType: %s, error: %s", req.URL.Redacted(), r.ErrorType, r.Error)
@@ -218,8 +220,8 @@ func parsePrometheusResponse(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) (res Result
 	return res, nil
 }
 
-func (s *VMStorage) setPrometheusInstantReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, timestamp time.Time) {
-	if s.appendTypePrefix {
+func (c *Client) setPrometheusInstantReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, timestamp time.Time) {
+	if c.appendTypePrefix {
 		r.URL.Path += "/prometheus"
 	}
 	if !*disablePathAppend {
@@ -227,22 +229,22 @@ func (s *VMStorage) setPrometheusInstantReqParams(r *http.Request, query string,
 	}
 	q := r.URL.Query()
 	q.Set("time", timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339))
-	if !*disableStepParam && s.evaluationInterval > 0 { // set step as evaluationInterval by default
+	if !*disableStepParam && c.evaluationInterval > 0 { // set step as evaluationInterval by default
 		// always convert to seconds to keep compatibility with older
 		// Prometheus versions. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1943
-		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(s.evaluationInterval.Seconds())))
+		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(c.evaluationInterval.Seconds())))
 	}
-	if !*disableStepParam && s.queryStep > 0 { // override step with user-specified value
+	if !*disableStepParam && c.queryStep > 0 { // override step with user-specified value
 		// always convert to seconds to keep compatibility with older
 		// Prometheus versions. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1943
-		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(s.queryStep.Seconds())))
+		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(c.queryStep.Seconds())))
 	}
 	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
-	s.setPrometheusReqParams(r, query)
+	c.setReqParams(r, query)
 }
 
-func (s *VMStorage) setPrometheusRangeReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, start, end time.Time) {
-	if s.appendTypePrefix {
+func (c *Client) setPrometheusRangeReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, start, end time.Time) {
+	if c.appendTypePrefix {
 		r.URL.Path += "/prometheus"
 	}
 	if !*disablePathAppend {
@@ -251,25 +253,11 @@ func (s *VMStorage) setPrometheusRangeReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, s
 	q := r.URL.Query()
 	q.Add("start", start.Format(time.RFC3339))
 	q.Add("end", end.Format(time.RFC3339))
-	if s.evaluationInterval > 0 { // set step as evaluationInterval by default
+	if c.evaluationInterval > 0 { // set step as evaluationInterval by default
 		// always convert to seconds to keep compatibility with older
 		// Prometheus versions. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1943
-		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(s.evaluationInterval.Seconds())))
+		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(c.evaluationInterval.Seconds())))
 	}
 	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
-	s.setPrometheusReqParams(r, query)
-}
-
-func (s *VMStorage) setPrometheusReqParams(r *http.Request, query string) {
-	q := r.URL.Query()
-	for k, vs := range s.extraParams {
-		if q.Has(k) { // extraParams are prior to params in URL
-			q.Del(k)
-		}
-		for _, v := range vs {
-			q.Add(k, v)
-		}
-	}
-	q.Set("query", query)
-	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	c.setReqParams(r, query)
 }

app/vmalert/datasource/client_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promauth"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -24,8 +25,10 @@ var (
 		Username: basicAuthName,
 		Password: promauth.NewSecret(basicAuthPass),
 	}
-	query       = "vm_rows"
-	queryRender = "constantLine(10)"
+	vmQuery         = "vm_rows"
+	queryRender     = "constantLine(10)"
+	vlogsQuery      = "_time: 5m | stats by (foo) count() total"
+	vlogsRangeQuery = "* | stats by (foo) count() total"
 )
 
 func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
@@ -42,8 +45,8 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		if name, pass, _ := r.BasicAuth(); name != basicAuthName || pass != basicAuthPass {
 			t.Fatalf("expected %s:%s as basic auth got %s:%s", basicAuthName, basicAuthPass, name, pass)
 		}
-		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != query {
-			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", query, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
+		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != vmQuery {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", vmQuery, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
 		}
 		timeParam := r.URL.Query().Get("time")
 		if timeParam == "" {
@@ -78,6 +81,31 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 			w.Write([]byte(`[{"target":"constantLine(10)","tags":{"name":"constantLine(10)"},"datapoints":[[10,1611758343],[10,1611758373],[10,1611758403]]}]`))
 		}
 	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/select/logsql/stats_query", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		c++
+		if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+			t.Fatalf("expected POST method got %s", r.Method)
+		}
+		if name, pass, _ := r.BasicAuth(); name != basicAuthName || pass != basicAuthPass {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s:%s as basic auth got %s:%s", basicAuthName, basicAuthPass, name, pass)
+		}
+		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != vlogsQuery {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", vlogsQuery, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
+		}
+		timeParam := r.URL.Query().Get("time")
+		if timeParam == "" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'time' in query param, got nil instead")
+		}
+		if _, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timeParam); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse 'time' query param %q: %s", timeParam, err)
+		}
+		switch c {
+		case 9:
+			w.Write([]byte("[]"))
+		case 10:
+			w.Write([]byte(`{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"vector","result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"total","foo":"bar"},"value":[1583786142,"13763"]},{"metric":{"__name__":"total","foo":"baz"},"value":[1583786140,"2000"]}]}}`))
+		}
+	})
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(mux)
 	defer srv.Close()
@@ -86,13 +114,13 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected: %s", err)
 	}
-	s := NewVMStorage(srv.URL, authCfg, 0, false, srv.Client())
+	s := NewPrometheusClient(srv.URL, authCfg, false, srv.Client())
 
 	p := datasourcePrometheus
 	pq := s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(p), EvaluationInterval: 15 * time.Second})
 	ts := time.Now()
 
-	expErr := func(err string) {
+	expErr := func(query, err string) {
 		_, _, gotErr := pq.Query(ctx, query, ts)
 		if gotErr == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expected %q got nil", err)
@@ -102,13 +130,13 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	expErr("500")                              // 0
-	expErr("error parsing prometheus metrics") // 1
-	expErr("response error")                   // 2
-	expErr("unknown status")                   // 3
-	expErr("unexpected end of JSON input")     // 4
+	expErr(vmQuery, "500")                          // 0
+	expErr(vmQuery, "error parsing response")       // 1
+	expErr(vmQuery, "response error")               // 2
+	expErr(vmQuery, "unknown status")               // 3
+	expErr(vmQuery, "unexpected end of JSON input") // 4
 
-	res, _, err := pq.Query(ctx, query, ts) // 5 - vector
+	res, _, err := pq.Query(ctx, vmQuery, ts) // 5 - vector
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
 	}
@@ -117,19 +145,19 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	expected := []Metric{
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Value: "vm_rows", Name: "__name__"}, {Value: "bar", Name: "foo"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "vm_rows", Name: "__name__"}, {Value: "bar", Name: "foo"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583786142},
 			Values:     []float64{13763},
 		},
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Value: "vm_requests", Name: "__name__"}, {Value: "baz", Name: "foo"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "vm_requests", Name: "__name__"}, {Value: "baz", Name: "foo"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583786140},
 			Values:     []float64{2000},
 		},
 	}
 	metricsEqual(t, res.Data, expected)
 
-	res, req, err := pq.Query(ctx, query, ts) // 6 - scalar
+	res, req, err := pq.Query(ctx, vmQuery, ts) // 6 - scalar
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
 	}
@@ -154,7 +182,7 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 			res.SeriesFetched)
 	}
 
-	res, _, err = pq.Query(ctx, query, ts) // 7 - scalar with stats
+	res, _, err = pq.Query(ctx, vmQuery, ts) // 7 - scalar with stats
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
 	}
@@ -175,6 +203,7 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 			*res.SeriesFetched)
 	}
 
+	// test graphite
 	gq := s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourceGraphite)})
 
 	res, _, err = gq.Query(ctx, queryRender, ts) // 8 - graphite
@@ -186,12 +215,39 @@ func TestVMInstantQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	exp := []Metric{
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Value: "constantLine(10)", Name: "name"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "constantLine(10)", Name: "name"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1611758403},
 			Values:     []float64{10},
 		},
 	}
 	metricsEqual(t, res.Data, exp)
+
+	// test victorialogs
+	vlogs := datasourceVLogs
+	pq = s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(vlogs), EvaluationInterval: 15 * time.Second})
+
+	expErr(vlogsQuery, "error parsing response") // 9
+
+	res, _, err = pq.Query(ctx, vlogsQuery, ts) // 10
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
+	}
+	if len(res.Data) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 metrics got %d in %+v", len(res.Data), res.Data)
+	}
+	expected = []Metric{
+		{
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "total", Name: "stats_result"}, {Value: "bar", Name: "foo"}},
+			Timestamps: []int64{1583786142},
+			Values:     []float64{13763},
+		},
+		{
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "total", Name: "stats_result"}, {Value: "baz", Name: "foo"}},
+			Timestamps: []int64{1583786140},
+			Values:     []float64{2000},
+		},
+	}
+	metricsEqual(t, res.Data, expected)
 }
 
 func TestVMInstantQueryWithRetry(t *testing.T) {
@@ -202,8 +258,8 @@ func TestVMInstantQueryWithRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	c := -1
 	mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/query", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		c++
-		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != query {
-			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", query, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
+		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != vmQuery {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", vmQuery, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
 		}
 		switch c {
 		case 0:
@@ -225,11 +281,11 @@ func TestVMInstantQueryWithRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(mux)
 	defer srv.Close()
 
-	s := NewVMStorage(srv.URL, nil, 0, false, srv.Client())
+	s := NewPrometheusClient(srv.URL, nil, false, srv.Client())
 	pq := s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourcePrometheus)})
 
 	expErr := func(err string) {
-		_, _, gotErr := pq.Query(ctx, query, time.Now())
+		_, _, gotErr := pq.Query(ctx, vmQuery, time.Now())
 		if gotErr == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expected %q got nil", err)
 		}
@@ -239,7 +295,7 @@ func TestVMInstantQueryWithRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	expValue := func(v float64) {
-		res, _, err := pq.Query(ctx, query, time.Now())
+		res, _, err := pq.Query(ctx, vmQuery, time.Now())
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
 		}
@@ -300,8 +356,8 @@ func TestVMRangeQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		if name, pass, _ := r.BasicAuth(); name != basicAuthName || pass != basicAuthPass {
 			t.Fatalf("expected %s:%s as basic auth got %s:%s", basicAuthName, basicAuthPass, name, pass)
 		}
-		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != query {
-			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", query, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
+		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != vmQuery {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", vmQuery, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
 		}
 		startTS := r.URL.Query().Get("start")
 		if startTS == "" {
@@ -326,6 +382,40 @@ func TestVMRangeQuery(t *testing.T) {
 			w.Write([]byte(`{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"vm_rows"},"values":[[1583786142,"13763"]]}]}}`))
 		}
 	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/select/logsql/stats_query_range", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		c++
+		if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+			t.Fatalf("expected POST method got %s", r.Method)
+		}
+		if name, pass, _ := r.BasicAuth(); name != basicAuthName || pass != basicAuthPass {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s:%s as basic auth got %s:%s", basicAuthName, basicAuthPass, name, pass)
+		}
+		if r.URL.Query().Get("query") != vlogsRangeQuery {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %s in query param, got %s", vmQuery, r.URL.Query().Get("query"))
+		}
+		startTS := r.URL.Query().Get("start")
+		if startTS == "" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'start' in query param, got nil instead")
+		}
+		if _, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, startTS); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse 'start' query param: %s", err)
+		}
+		endTS := r.URL.Query().Get("end")
+		if endTS == "" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'end' in query param, got nil instead")
+		}
+		if _, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, endTS); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse 'end' query param: %s", err)
+		}
+		step := r.URL.Query().Get("step")
+		if step != "60s" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'step' query param to be 60s; got %q instead", step)
+		}
+		switch c {
+		case 1:
+			w.Write([]byte(`{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"total"},"values":[[1583786142,"10"]]}]}}`))
+		}
+	})
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(mux)
 	defer srv.Close()
@@ -334,19 +424,19 @@ func TestVMRangeQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected: %s", err)
 	}
-	s := NewVMStorage(srv.URL, authCfg, *queryStep, false, srv.Client())
+	s := NewPrometheusClient(srv.URL, authCfg, false, srv.Client())
 
 	pq := s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourcePrometheus), EvaluationInterval: 15 * time.Second})
 
-	_, err = pq.QueryRange(ctx, query, time.Now(), time.Time{})
+	_, err = pq.QueryRange(ctx, vmQuery, time.Now(), time.Time{})
 	expectError(t, err, "is missing")
 
-	_, err = pq.QueryRange(ctx, query, time.Time{}, time.Now())
+	_, err = pq.QueryRange(ctx, vmQuery, time.Time{}, time.Now())
 	expectError(t, err, "is missing")
 
 	start, end := time.Now().Add(-time.Minute), time.Now()
 
-	res, err := pq.QueryRange(ctx, query, start, end)
+	res, err := pq.QueryRange(ctx, vmQuery, start, end)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
 	}
@@ -355,7 +445,7 @@ func TestVMRangeQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 1 metric  got %d in %+v", len(m), m)
 	}
 	expected := Metric{
-		Labels:     []Label{{Value: "vm_rows", Name: "__name__"}},
+		Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "vm_rows", Name: "__name__"}},
 		Timestamps: []int64{1583786142},
 		Values:     []float64{13763},
 	}
@@ -363,33 +453,66 @@ func TestVMRangeQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected metric %+v want %+v", m[0], expected)
 	}
 
+	// test unsupported graphite
 	gq := s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourceGraphite)})
 
 	_, err = gq.QueryRange(ctx, queryRender, start, end)
 	expectError(t, err, "is not supported")
+
+	// unsupported logsql
+	gq = s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourceVLogs), EvaluationInterval: 60 * time.Second})
+
+	res, err = gq.QueryRange(ctx, vlogsRangeQuery, start, end)
+	expectError(t, err, "is not supported")
+
+	// supported logsql
+	gq = s.BuildWithParams(QuerierParams{DataSourceType: string(datasourceVLogs), EvaluationInterval: 60 * time.Second, ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter: true})
+	res, err = gq.QueryRange(ctx, vlogsRangeQuery, start, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected %s", err)
+	}
+	m = res.Data
+	if len(m) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 metric  got %d in %+v", len(m), m)
+	}
+	expected = Metric{
+		Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Value: "total", Name: "stats_result"}},
+		Timestamps: []int64{1583786142},
+		Values:     []float64{10},
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(m[0], expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected metric %+v want %+v", m[0], expected)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	query := "up"
+	vlogsQuery := "_time: 5m | stats count() total"
 	timestamp := time.Date(2001, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.UTC)
 
-	f := func(isQueryRange bool, vm *VMStorage, checkFn func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request)) {
+	f := func(isQueryRange bool, c *Client, checkFn func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request)) {
 		t.Helper()
 
-		req, err := vm.newRequest(ctx)
+		req, err := c.newRequest(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("error in newRequest: %s", err)
 		}
 
-		switch vm.dataSourceType {
-		case "", datasourcePrometheus:
+		switch c.dataSourceType {
+		case datasourcePrometheus:
 			if isQueryRange {
-				vm.setPrometheusRangeReqParams(req, query, timestamp, timestamp)
+				c.setPrometheusRangeReqParams(req, query, timestamp, timestamp)
 			} else {
-				vm.setPrometheusInstantReqParams(req, query, timestamp)
+				c.setPrometheusInstantReqParams(req, query, timestamp)
 			}
 		case datasourceGraphite:
-			vm.setGraphiteReqParams(req, query)
+			c.setGraphiteReqParams(req, query)
+		case datasourceVLogs:
+			if isQueryRange {
+				c.setVLogsRangeReqParams(req, vlogsQuery, timestamp, timestamp)
+			} else {
+				c.setVLogsInstantReqParams(req, vlogsQuery, timestamp)
+			}
 		}
 
 		checkFn(t, req)
@@ -399,19 +522,19 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 	}
-	storage := VMStorage{
+	storage := Client{
 		extraParams: url.Values{"round_digits": {"10"}},
 	}
 
 	// prometheus path
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		checkEqualString(t, "/api/v1/query", r.URL.Path)
 	})
 
 	// prometheus prefix
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType:   datasourcePrometheus,
 		appendTypePrefix: true,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
@@ -419,14 +542,14 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// prometheus range path
-	f(true, &VMStorage{
+	f(true, &Client{
 		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		checkEqualString(t, "/api/v1/query_range", r.URL.Path)
 	})
 
 	// prometheus range prefix
-	f(true, &VMStorage{
+	f(true, &Client{
 		dataSourceType:   datasourcePrometheus,
 		appendTypePrefix: true,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
@@ -434,14 +557,14 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// graphite path
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType: datasourceGraphite,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		checkEqualString(t, graphitePath, r.URL.Path)
 	})
 
 	// graphite prefix
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType:   datasourceGraphite,
 		appendTypePrefix: true,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
@@ -449,21 +572,27 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// default params
-	f(false, &VMStorage{}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+	f(false, &Client{dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
+		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
+	})
+
+	f(false, &Client{dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus, applyIntervalAsTimeFilter: true}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
 		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
 	})
 
 	// default range params
-	f(true, &VMStorage{}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+	f(true, &Client{dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		ts := timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)
 		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "start": {ts}, "end": {ts}}
 		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
 	})
 
 	// basic auth
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
-		authCfg: authCfg,
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
+		authCfg:        authCfg,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		u, p, _ := r.BasicAuth()
 		checkEqualString(t, "foo", u)
@@ -471,8 +600,9 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// basic auth range
-	f(true, &VMStorage{
-		authCfg: authCfg,
+	f(true, &Client{
+		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
+		authCfg:        authCfg,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		u, p, _ := r.BasicAuth()
 		checkEqualString(t, "foo", u)
@@ -480,7 +610,8 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// evaluation interval
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType:     datasourcePrometheus,
 		evaluationInterval: 15 * time.Second,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		evalInterval := 15 * time.Second
@@ -489,8 +620,9 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// step override
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
-		queryStep: time.Minute,
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
+		queryStep:      time.Minute,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		exp := url.Values{
 			"query": {query},
@@ -501,7 +633,8 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	//  step to seconds
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType:     datasourcePrometheus,
 		evaluationInterval: 3 * time.Hour,
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		evalInterval := 3 * time.Hour
@@ -510,15 +643,17 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// prometheus extra params
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
-		extraParams: url.Values{"round_digits": {"10"}},
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
+		extraParams:    url.Values{"round_digits": {"10"}},
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "round_digits": {"10"}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
 		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
 	})
 
 	// prometheus extra params range
-	f(true, &VMStorage{
+	f(true, &Client{
+		dataSourceType: datasourcePrometheus,
 		extraParams: url.Values{
 			"nocache":      {"1"},
 			"max_lookback": {"1h"},
@@ -536,7 +671,8 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// custom params overrides the original params
 	f(false, storage.Clone().ApplyParams(QuerierParams{
-		QueryParams: url.Values{"round_digits": {"2"}},
+		DataSourceType: string(datasourcePrometheus),
+		QueryParams:    url.Values{"round_digits": {"2"}},
 	}), func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "round_digits": {"2"}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
 		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
@@ -544,14 +680,15 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// allow duplicates in query params
 	f(false, storage.Clone().ApplyParams(QuerierParams{
-		QueryParams: url.Values{"extra_labels": {"env=dev", "foo=bar"}},
+		DataSourceType: string(datasourcePrometheus),
+		QueryParams:    url.Values{"extra_labels": {"env=dev", "foo=bar"}},
 	}), func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		exp := url.Values{"query": {query}, "round_digits": {"10"}, "extra_labels": {"env=dev", "foo=bar"}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
 		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
 	})
 
 	// graphite extra params
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType: datasourceGraphite,
 		extraParams: url.Values{
 			"nocache":      {"1"},
@@ -563,7 +700,7 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// graphite extra params allows to override from
-	f(false, &VMStorage{
+	f(false, &Client{
 		dataSourceType: datasourceGraphite,
 		extraParams: url.Values{
 			"from": {"-10m"},
@@ -572,10 +709,38 @@ func TestRequestParams(t *testing.T) {
 		exp := fmt.Sprintf("format=json&from=-10m&target=%s&until=now", query)
 		checkEqualString(t, exp, r.URL.RawQuery)
 	})
+
+	// test vlogs
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType:     datasourceVLogs,
+		evaluationInterval: time.Minute,
+	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+		exp := url.Values{"query": {vlogsQuery}, "time": {timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)}}
+		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
+	})
+
+	f(false, &Client{
+		dataSourceType:            datasourceVLogs,
+		evaluationInterval:        time.Minute,
+		applyIntervalAsTimeFilter: true,
+	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+		ts := timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)
+		exp := url.Values{"query": {vlogsQuery}, "time": {ts}, "start": {timestamp.Add(-time.Minute).Format(time.RFC3339)}, "end": {ts}}
+		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
+	})
+
+	f(true, &Client{
+		dataSourceType:     datasourceVLogs,
+		evaluationInterval: time.Minute,
+	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
+		ts := timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339)
+		exp := url.Values{"query": {vlogsQuery}, "start": {ts}, "end": {ts}, "step": {"60s"}}
+		checkEqualString(t, exp.Encode(), r.URL.RawQuery)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestHeaders(t *testing.T) {
-	f := func(vmFn func() *VMStorage, checkFn func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request)) {
+	f := func(vmFn func() *Client, checkFn func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request)) {
 		t.Helper()
 
 		vm := vmFn()
@@ -587,12 +752,12 @@ func TestHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// basic auth
-	f(func() *VMStorage {
+	f(func() *Client {
 		cfg, err := utils.AuthConfig(utils.WithBasicAuth("foo", "bar", ""))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Error get auth config: %s", err)
 		}
-		return &VMStorage{authCfg: cfg}
+		return NewPrometheusClient("", cfg, false, nil)
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		u, p, _ := r.BasicAuth()
 		checkEqualString(t, "foo", u)
@@ -600,12 +765,12 @@ func TestHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// bearer auth
-	f(func() *VMStorage {
+	f(func() *Client {
 		cfg, err := utils.AuthConfig(utils.WithBearer("foo", ""))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Error get auth config: %s", err)
 		}
-		return &VMStorage{authCfg: cfg}
+		return NewPrometheusClient("", cfg, false, nil)
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		reqToken := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
 		splitToken := strings.Split(reqToken, "Bearer ")
@@ -617,11 +782,13 @@ func TestHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// custom extraHeaders
-	f(func() *VMStorage {
-		return &VMStorage{extraHeaders: []keyValue{
+	f(func() *Client {
+		c := NewPrometheusClient("", nil, false, nil)
+		c.extraHeaders = []keyValue{
 			{key: "Foo", value: "bar"},
 			{key: "Baz", value: "qux"},
-		}}
+		}
+		return c
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		h1 := r.Header.Get("Foo")
 		checkEqualString(t, "bar", h1)
@@ -630,17 +797,16 @@ func TestHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// custom header overrides basic auth
-	f(func() *VMStorage {
+	f(func() *Client {
 		cfg, err := utils.AuthConfig(utils.WithBasicAuth("foo", "bar", ""))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Error get auth config: %s", err)
 		}
-		return &VMStorage{
-			authCfg: cfg,
-			extraHeaders: []keyValue{
-				{key: "Authorization", value: "Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ=="},
-			},
+		c := NewPrometheusClient("", cfg, false, nil)
+		c.extraHeaders = []keyValue{
+			{key: "Authorization", value: "Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ=="},
 		}
+		return c
 	}, func(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) {
 		u, p, _ := r.BasicAuth()
 		checkEqualString(t, "Aladdin", u)

app/vmalert/datasource/client_vlogs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package datasource
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func (c *Client) setVLogsInstantReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, timestamp time.Time) {
+	// there is no type path prefix in victorialogs APIs right now, ignore appendTypePrefix.
+	if !*disablePathAppend {
+		r.URL.Path += "/select/logsql/stats_query"
+	}
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	// set `time` param explicitly, it will be used as the timestamp of query results.
+	q.Set("time", timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339))
+	// set the `start` and `end` params if applyIntervalAsTimeFilter is enabled(time filter is missing in the rule expr),
+	// so the query will be executed in time range [timestamp - evaluationInterval, timestamp].
+	if c.applyIntervalAsTimeFilter && c.evaluationInterval > 0 {
+		q.Set("start", timestamp.Add(-c.evaluationInterval).Format(time.RFC3339))
+		q.Set("end", timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339))
+	}
+	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	c.setReqParams(r, query)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) setVLogsRangeReqParams(r *http.Request, query string, start, end time.Time) {
+	// there is no type path prefix in victorialogs APIs right now, ignore appendTypePrefix.
+	if !*disablePathAppend {
+		r.URL.Path += "/select/logsql/stats_query_range"
+	}
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	q.Add("start", start.Format(time.RFC3339))
+	q.Add("end", end.Format(time.RFC3339))
+	// set step as evaluationInterval by default
+	if c.evaluationInterval > 0 {
+		q.Set("step", fmt.Sprintf("%ds", int(c.evaluationInterval.Seconds())))
+	}
+	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	c.setReqParams(r, query)
+}
+
+func parseVLogsResponse(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response) (res Result, err error) {
+	res, err = parsePrometheusResponse(req, resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, err
+	}
+	for i := range res.Data {
+		m := &res.Data[i]
+		for j := range m.Labels {
+			// reserve the stats func result name with a new label `stats_result` instead of dropping it,
+			// since there could be multiple stats results in a single query, for instance:
+			// 	_time:5m | stats quantile(0.5, request_duration_seconds) p50, quantile(0.9, request_duration_seconds) p90
+			if m.Labels[j].Name == "__name__" {
+				m.Labels[j].Name = "stats_result"
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}

app/vmalert/datasource/datasource.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
 // Querier interface wraps Query and QueryRange methods
@@ -42,16 +44,20 @@ type QuerierBuilder interface {
 
 // QuerierParams params for Querier.
 type QuerierParams struct {
-	DataSourceType     string
-	EvaluationInterval time.Duration
-	QueryParams        url.Values
-	Headers            map[string]string
-	Debug              bool
+	DataSourceType string
+	// ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter is only valid for vlogs datasource.
+	// Set to true if there is no [timeFilter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#time-filter) in the rule expression,
+	// and we will add evaluation interval as an additional timeFilter when querying.
+	ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter bool
+	EvaluationInterval        time.Duration
+	QueryParams               url.Values
+	Headers                   map[string]string
+	Debug                     bool
 }
 
 // Metric is the basic entity which should be return by datasource
 type Metric struct {
-	Labels     []Label
+	Labels     []prompbmarshal.Label
 	Timestamps []int64
 	Values     []float64
 }
@@ -68,22 +74,9 @@ func (m *Metric) SetLabel(key, value string) {
 	m.AddLabel(key, value)
 }
 
-// SetLabels sets the given map as Metric labels
-func (m *Metric) SetLabels(ls map[string]string) {
-	var i int
-	m.Labels = make([]Label, len(ls))
-	for k, v := range ls {
-		m.Labels[i] = Label{
-			Name:  k,
-			Value: v,
-		}
-		i++
-	}
-}
-
 // AddLabel appends the given label to the label set
 func (m *Metric) AddLabel(key, value string) {
-	m.Labels = append(m.Labels, Label{Name: key, Value: value})
+	m.Labels = append(m.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: key, Value: value})
 }
 
 // DelLabel deletes the given label from the label set
@@ -106,14 +99,8 @@ func (m *Metric) Label(key string) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-// Label represents metric's label
-type Label struct {
-	Name  string
-	Value string
-}
-
 // Labels is collection of Label
-type Labels []Label
+type Labels []prompbmarshal.Label
 
 func (ls Labels) Len() int           { return len(ls) }
 func (ls Labels) Swap(i, j int)      { ls[i], ls[j] = ls[j], ls[i] }
@@ -168,7 +155,7 @@ func LabelCompare(a, b Labels) int {
 // ConvertToLabels convert map to Labels
 func ConvertToLabels(m map[string]string) (labelset Labels) {
 	for k, v := range m {
-		labelset = append(labelset, Label{
+		labelset = append(labelset, prompbmarshal.Label{
 			Name:  k,
 			Value: v,
 		})

app/vmalert/datasource/init.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputils"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/netutil"
 )
 
@@ -48,22 +47,15 @@ var (
 	oauth2TokenURL = flag.String("datasource.oauth2.tokenUrl", "", "Optional OAuth2 tokenURL to use for -datasource.url")
 	oauth2Scopes   = flag.String("datasource.oauth2.scopes", "", "Optional OAuth2 scopes to use for -datasource.url. Scopes must be delimited by ';'")
 
-	lookBack = flag.Duration("datasource.lookback", 0, `Deprecated: please adjust "-search.latencyOffset" at datasource side `+
-		`or specify "latency_offset" in rule group's params. Lookback defines how far into the past to look when evaluating queries. `+
-		`For example, if the datasource.lookback=5m then param "time" with value now()-5m will be added to every query.`)
-	queryStep = flag.Duration("datasource.queryStep", 5*time.Minute, "How far a value can fallback to when evaluating queries. "+
+	queryStep = flag.Duration("datasource.queryStep", 5*time.Minute, "How far a value can fallback to when evaluating queries to the configured -datasource.url and -remoteRead.url. Only valid for prometheus datasource. "+
 		"For example, if -datasource.queryStep=15s then param \"step\" with value \"15s\" will be added to every query. "+
 		"If set to 0, rule's evaluation interval will be used instead.")
-	queryTimeAlignment = flag.Bool("datasource.queryTimeAlignment", true, `Deprecated: please use "eval_alignment" in rule group instead. `+
-		`Whether to align "time" parameter with evaluation interval. `+
-		"Alignment supposed to produce deterministic results despite number of vmalert replicas or time they were started. "+
-		"See more details at https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/pull/1257")
 	maxIdleConnections    = flag.Int("datasource.maxIdleConnections", 100, `Defines the number of idle (keep-alive connections) to each configured datasource. Consider setting this value equal to the value: groups_total * group.concurrency. Too low a value may result in a high number of sockets in TIME_WAIT state.`)
 	idleConnectionTimeout = flag.Duration("datasource.idleConnTimeout", 50*time.Second, `Defines a duration for idle (keep-alive connections) to exist. Consider setting this value less than "-http.idleConnTimeout". It must prevent possible "write: broken pipe" and "read: connection reset by peer" errors.`)
 	disableKeepAlive      = flag.Bool("datasource.disableKeepAlive", false, `Whether to disable long-lived connections to the datasource. `+
 		`If true, disables HTTP keep-alive and will only use the connection to the server for a single HTTP request.`)
-	roundDigits = flag.Int("datasource.roundDigits", 0, `Adds "round_digits" GET param to datasource requests. `+
-		`In VM "round_digits" limits the number of digits after the decimal point in response values.`)
+	roundDigits = flag.Int("datasource.roundDigits", 0, `Adds "round_digits" GET param to datasource requests which limits the number of digits after the decimal point in response values. `+
+		`Only valid for VictoriaMetrics as the datasource.`)
 )
 
 // InitSecretFlags must be called after flag.Parse and before any logging
@@ -90,12 +82,6 @@ func Init(extraParams url.Values) (QuerierBuilder, error) {
 	if *addr == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("datasource.url is empty")
 	}
-	if !*queryTimeAlignment {
-		logger.Warnf("flag `-datasource.queryTimeAlignment` is deprecated and will be removed in next releases. Please use `eval_alignment` in rule group instead.")
-	}
-	if *lookBack != 0 {
-		logger.Warnf("flag `-datasource.lookback` is deprecated and will be removed in next releases. Please adjust `-search.latencyOffset` at datasource side or specify `latency_offset` in rule group's params. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/5155 for details.")
-	}
 
 	tr, err := httputils.Transport(*addr, *tlsCertFile, *tlsKeyFile, *tlsCAFile, *tlsServerName, *tlsInsecureSkipVerify)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -133,13 +119,12 @@ func Init(extraParams url.Values) (QuerierBuilder, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to set request auth header to datasource %q: %w", *addr, err)
 	}
 
-	return &VMStorage{
+	return &Client{
 		c:                &http.Client{Transport: tr},
 		authCfg:          authCfg,
 		datasourceURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(*addr, "/"),
 		appendTypePrefix: *appendTypePrefix,
 		queryStep:        *queryStep,
-		dataSourceType:   datasourcePrometheus,
 		extraParams:      extraParams,
 	}, nil
 }

app/vmalert/datasource/vm.go

@@ -1,272 +0,0 @@
-package datasource
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/netutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promauth"
-)
-
-type datasourceType string
-
-const (
-	datasourcePrometheus datasourceType = "prometheus"
-	datasourceGraphite   datasourceType = "graphite"
-)
-
-func toDatasourceType(s string) datasourceType {
-	if s == string(datasourceGraphite) {
-		return datasourceGraphite
-	}
-	return datasourcePrometheus
-}
-
-// VMStorage represents vmstorage entity with ability to read and write metrics
-// WARN: when adding a new field, remember to update Clone() method.
-type VMStorage struct {
-	c                *http.Client
-	authCfg          *promauth.Config
-	datasourceURL    string
-	appendTypePrefix bool
-	queryStep        time.Duration
-	dataSourceType   datasourceType
-
-	// evaluationInterval will help setting request's `step` param.
-	evaluationInterval time.Duration
-	// extraParams contains params to be attached to each HTTP request
-	extraParams url.Values
-	// extraHeaders are headers to be attached to each HTTP request
-	extraHeaders []keyValue
-
-	// whether to print additional log messages
-	// for each sent request
-	debug bool
-}
-
-type keyValue struct {
-	key   string
-	value string
-}
-
-// Clone makes clone of VMStorage, shares http client.
-func (s *VMStorage) Clone() *VMStorage {
-	ns := &VMStorage{
-		c:                s.c,
-		authCfg:          s.authCfg,
-		datasourceURL:    s.datasourceURL,
-		appendTypePrefix: s.appendTypePrefix,
-		queryStep:        s.queryStep,
-
-		dataSourceType:     s.dataSourceType,
-		evaluationInterval: s.evaluationInterval,
-
-		// init map so it can be populated below
-		extraParams: url.Values{},
-
-		debug: s.debug,
-	}
-	if len(s.extraHeaders) > 0 {
-		ns.extraHeaders = make([]keyValue, len(s.extraHeaders))
-		copy(ns.extraHeaders, s.extraHeaders)
-	}
-	for k, v := range s.extraParams {
-		ns.extraParams[k] = v
-	}
-
-	return ns
-}
-
-// ApplyParams - changes given querier params.
-func (s *VMStorage) ApplyParams(params QuerierParams) *VMStorage {
-	s.dataSourceType = toDatasourceType(params.DataSourceType)
-	s.evaluationInterval = params.EvaluationInterval
-	if params.QueryParams != nil {
-		if s.extraParams == nil {
-			s.extraParams = url.Values{}
-		}
-		for k, vl := range params.QueryParams {
-			// custom query params are prior to default ones
-			if s.extraParams.Has(k) {
-				s.extraParams.Del(k)
-			}
-			for _, v := range vl {
-				// don't use .Set() instead of Del/Add since it is allowed
-				// for GET params to be duplicated
-				// see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/4908
-				s.extraParams.Add(k, v)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if params.Headers != nil {
-		for key, value := range params.Headers {
-			kv := keyValue{key: key, value: value}
-			s.extraHeaders = append(s.extraHeaders, kv)
-		}
-	}
-	s.debug = params.Debug
-	return s
-}
-
-// BuildWithParams - implements interface.
-func (s *VMStorage) BuildWithParams(params QuerierParams) Querier {
-	return s.Clone().ApplyParams(params)
-}
-
-// NewVMStorage is a constructor for VMStorage
-func NewVMStorage(baseURL string, authCfg *promauth.Config, queryStep time.Duration, appendTypePrefix bool, c *http.Client) *VMStorage {
-	return &VMStorage{
-		c:                c,
-		authCfg:          authCfg,
-		datasourceURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/"),
-		appendTypePrefix: appendTypePrefix,
-		queryStep:        queryStep,
-		dataSourceType:   datasourcePrometheus,
-		extraParams:      url.Values{},
-	}
-}
-
-// Query executes the given query and returns parsed response
-func (s *VMStorage) Query(ctx context.Context, query string, ts time.Time) (Result, *http.Request, error) {
-	req, err := s.newQueryRequest(ctx, query, ts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return Result{}, nil, err
-	}
-	resp, err := s.do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) && !netutil.IsTrivialNetworkError(err) {
-			// Return unexpected error to the caller.
-			return Result{}, nil, err
-		}
-		// Something in the middle between client and datasource might be closing
-		// the connection. So we do a one more attempt in hope request will succeed.
-		req, err = s.newQueryRequest(ctx, query, ts)
-		if err != nil {
-			return Result{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
-		}
-		resp, err = s.do(req)
-		if err != nil {
-			return Result{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Process the received response.
-	parseFn := parsePrometheusResponse
-	if s.dataSourceType != datasourcePrometheus {
-		parseFn = parseGraphiteResponse
-	}
-	result, err := parseFn(req, resp)
-	_ = resp.Body.Close()
-	return result, req, err
-}
-
-// QueryRange executes the given query on the given time range.
-// For Prometheus type see https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#range-queries
-// Graphite type isn't supported.
-func (s *VMStorage) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, query string, start, end time.Time) (res Result, err error) {
-	if s.dataSourceType != datasourcePrometheus {
-		return res, fmt.Errorf("%q is not supported for QueryRange", s.dataSourceType)
-	}
-	if start.IsZero() {
-		return res, fmt.Errorf("start param is missing")
-	}
-	if end.IsZero() {
-		return res, fmt.Errorf("end param is missing")
-	}
-	req, err := s.newQueryRangeRequest(ctx, query, start, end)
-	if err != nil {
-		return res, err
-	}
-	resp, err := s.do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) && !netutil.IsTrivialNetworkError(err) {
-			// Return unexpected error to the caller.
-			return res, err
-		}
-		// Something in the middle between client and datasource might be closing
-		// the connection. So we do a one more attempt in hope request will succeed.
-		req, err = s.newQueryRangeRequest(ctx, query, start, end)
-		if err != nil {
-			return res, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
-		}
-		resp, err = s.do(req)
-		if err != nil {
-			return res, fmt.Errorf("second attempt: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Process the received response.
-	res, err = parsePrometheusResponse(req, resp)
-	_ = resp.Body.Close()
-	return res, err
-}
-
-func (s *VMStorage) do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-	ru := req.URL.Redacted()
-	if *showDatasourceURL {
-		ru = req.URL.String()
-	}
-	if s.debug {
-		logger.Infof("DEBUG datasource request: executing %s request with params %q", req.Method, ru)
-	}
-	resp, err := s.c.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting response from %s: %w", ru, err)
-	}
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-		_ = resp.Body.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected response code %d for %s. Response body %s", resp.StatusCode, ru, body)
-	}
-	return resp, nil
-}
-
-func (s *VMStorage) newQueryRangeRequest(ctx context.Context, query string, start, end time.Time) (*http.Request, error) {
-	req, err := s.newRequest(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create query_range request to datasource %q: %w", s.datasourceURL, err)
-	}
-	s.setPrometheusRangeReqParams(req, query, start, end)
-	return req, nil
-}
-
-func (s *VMStorage) newQueryRequest(ctx context.Context, query string, ts time.Time) (*http.Request, error) {
-	req, err := s.newRequest(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create query request to datasource %q: %w", s.datasourceURL, err)
-	}
-	switch s.dataSourceType {
-	case "", datasourcePrometheus:
-		s.setPrometheusInstantReqParams(req, query, ts)
-	case datasourceGraphite:
-		s.setGraphiteReqParams(req, query)
-	default:
-		logger.Panicf("BUG: engine not found: %q", s.dataSourceType)
-	}
-	return req, nil
-}
-
-func (s *VMStorage) newRequest(ctx context.Context) (*http.Request, error) {
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, s.datasourceURL, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected error from http.NewRequest(%q): %s", s.datasourceURL, err)
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	if s.authCfg != nil {
-		err = s.authCfg.SetHeaders(req, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	for _, h := range s.extraHeaders {
-		req.Header.Set(h.key, h.value)
-	}
-	return req, nil
-}

app/vmalert/datasource/vm_prom_api_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package datasource
 import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
 func TestPromInstant_UnmarshalPositive(t *testing.T) {
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ func TestPromInstant_UnmarshalPositive(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f(`[{"metric":{"__name__":"up"},"value":[1583780000,"42"]}]`, []Metric{
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "up"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "up"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583780000},
 			Values:     []float64{42},
 		},
@@ -31,17 +33,17 @@ func TestPromInstant_UnmarshalPositive(t *testing.T) {
 {"metric":{"__name__":"foo"},"value":[1583780001,"7"]},
 {"metric":{"__name__":"baz", "instance":"bar"},"value":[1583780002,"8"]}]`, []Metric{
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "up"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "up"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583780000},
 			Values:     []float64{42},
 		},
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "foo"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "foo"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583780001},
 			Values:     []float64{7},
 		},
 		{
-			Labels:     []Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "baz"}, {Name: "instance", Value: "bar"}},
+			Labels:     []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "baz"}, {Name: "instance", Value: "bar"}},
 			Timestamps: []int64{1583780002},
 			Values:     []float64{8},
 		},

app/vmalert/main.go

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ absolute path to all .tpl files in root.
 	evaluationInterval = flag.Duration("evaluationInterval", time.Minute, "How often to evaluate the rules")
 
 	validateTemplates   = flag.Bool("rule.validateTemplates", true, "Whether to validate annotation and label templates")
-	validateExpressions = flag.Bool("rule.validateExpressions", true, "Whether to validate rules expressions via MetricsQL engine")
+	validateExpressions = flag.Bool("rule.validateExpressions", true, "Whether to validate rules expressions for different types.")
 
 	externalURL         = flag.String("external.url", "", "External URL is used as alert's source for sent alerts to the notifier. By default, hostname is used as address.")
 	externalAlertSource = flag.String("external.alert.source", "", `External Alert Source allows to override the Source link for alerts sent to AlertManager `+
@@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ absolute path to all .tpl files in root.
 	externalLabels = flagutil.NewArrayString("external.label", "Optional label in the form 'Name=value' to add to all generated recording rules and alerts. "+
 		"In case of conflicts, original labels are kept with prefix `exported_`.")
 
-	remoteReadIgnoreRestoreErrors = flag.Bool("remoteRead.ignoreRestoreErrors", true, "Whether to ignore errors from remote storage when restoring alerts state on startup. DEPRECATED - this flag has no effect and will be removed in the next releases.")
-
 	dryRun = flag.Bool("dryRun", false, "Whether to check only config files without running vmalert. The rules file are validated. The -rule flag must be specified.")
 )
 
@@ -97,10 +95,6 @@ func main() {
 	buildinfo.Init()
 	logger.Init()
 
-	if !*remoteReadIgnoreRestoreErrors {
-		logger.Warnf("flag `remoteRead.ignoreRestoreErrors` is deprecated and will be removed in next releases.")
-	}
-
 	err := templates.Load(*ruleTemplatesPath, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Fatalf("failed to parse %q: %s", *ruleTemplatesPath, err)

app/vmalert/notifier/alert.go

@@ -167,14 +167,8 @@ type tplData struct {
 	ExternalURL    string
 }
 
-func templateAnnotation(dst io.Writer, text string, data tplData, tmpl *textTpl.Template, execute bool) error {
-	tpl, err := tmpl.Clone()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error cloning template before parse annotation: %w", err)
-	}
-	// Clone() doesn't copy tpl Options, so we set them manually
-	tpl = tpl.Option("missingkey=zero")
-	tpl, err = tpl.Parse(text)
+func templateAnnotation(dst io.Writer, text string, data tplData, tpl *textTpl.Template, execute bool) error {
+	tpl, err := tpl.Parse(text)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error parsing annotation template: %w", err)
 	}

app/vmalert/notifier/alert_test.go

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func TestAlertExecTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 		qFn := func(_ string) ([]datasource.Metric, error) {
 			return []datasource.Metric{
 				{
-					Labels: []datasource.Label{
+					Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 					},
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func TestAlertExecTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 					Timestamps: []int64{1},
 				},
 				{
-					Labels: []datasource.Label{
+					Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "garply"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "fred"},
 					},

app/vmalert/remoteread/init.go

@@ -86,5 +86,5 @@ func Init() (datasource.QuerierBuilder, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to configure auth: %w", err)
 	}
 	c := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
-	return datasource.NewVMStorage(*addr, authCfg, 0, false, c), nil
+	return datasource.NewPrometheusClient(*addr, authCfg, false, c), nil
 }

app/vmalert/remotewrite/client.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ var defaultConcurrency = cgroup.AvailableCPUs() * 2
 
 const (
 	defaultMaxBatchSize  = 1e4
-	defaultMaxQueueSize  = 1e6
+	defaultMaxQueueSize  = 1e5
 	defaultFlushInterval = 2 * time.Second
 	defaultWriteTimeout  = 30 * time.Second
 )

app/vmalert/rule/alerting.go

@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/notifier"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/templates"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promrelabel"
 )
 
 // AlertingRule is basic alert entity
@@ -72,11 +74,12 @@ func NewAlertingRule(qb datasource.QuerierBuilder, group *Group, cfg config.Rule
 		EvalInterval:  group.Interval,
 		Debug:         cfg.Debug,
 		q: qb.BuildWithParams(datasource.QuerierParams{
-			DataSourceType:     group.Type.String(),
-			EvaluationInterval: group.Interval,
-			QueryParams:        group.Params,
-			Headers:            group.Headers,
-			Debug:              cfg.Debug,
+			DataSourceType:            group.Type.String(),
+			ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter: setIntervalAsTimeFilter(group.Type.String(), cfg.Expr),
+			EvaluationInterval:        group.Interval,
+			QueryParams:               group.Params,
+			Headers:                   group.Headers,
+			Debug:                     cfg.Debug,
 		}),
 		alerts:  make(map[uint64]*notifier.Alert),
 		metrics: &alertingRuleMetrics{},
@@ -453,13 +456,16 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]pr
 		ar.logDebugf(ts, a, "created in state PENDING")
 	}
 	var numActivePending int
+	var tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
 	for h, a := range ar.alerts {
 		// if alert wasn't updated in this iteration
 		// means it is resolved already
 		if _, ok := updated[h]; !ok {
 			if a.State == notifier.StatePending {
-				// alert was in Pending state - it is not
-				// active anymore
+				// alert was in Pending state - it is not active anymore
+				// add stale time series
+				tss = append(tss, pendingAlertStaleTimeSeries(a.Labels, ts.Unix(), true)...)
+
 				delete(ar.alerts, h)
 				ar.logDebugf(ts, a, "PENDING => DELETED: is absent in current evaluation round")
 				continue
@@ -477,6 +483,9 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]pr
 				if ts.Sub(a.KeepFiringSince) >= ar.KeepFiringFor {
 					a.State = notifier.StateInactive
 					a.ResolvedAt = ts
+					// add stale time series
+					tss = append(tss, firingAlertStaleTimeSeries(a.Labels, ts.Unix())...)
+
 					ar.logDebugf(ts, a, "FIRING => INACTIVE: is absent in current evaluation round")
 					continue
 				}
@@ -488,6 +497,10 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]pr
 			a.State = notifier.StateFiring
 			a.Start = ts
 			alertsFired.Inc()
+			if ar.For > 0 {
+				// add stale time series
+				tss = append(tss, pendingAlertStaleTimeSeries(a.Labels, ts.Unix(), false)...)
+			}
 			ar.logDebugf(ts, a, "PENDING => FIRING: %s since becoming active at %v", ts.Sub(a.ActiveAt), a.ActiveAt)
 		}
 	}
@@ -496,7 +509,7 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]pr
 		curState.Err = fmt.Errorf("exec exceeded limit of %d with %d alerts", limit, numActivePending)
 		return nil, curState.Err
 	}
-	return ar.toTimeSeries(ts.Unix()), nil
+	return append(tss, ar.toTimeSeries(ts.Unix())...), nil
 }
 
 func (ar *AlertingRule) expandTemplates(m datasource.Metric, qFn templates.QueryFn, ts time.Time) (*labelSet, map[string]string, error) {
@@ -521,6 +534,7 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) expandTemplates(m datasource.Metric, qFn templates.Query
 	return ls, as, nil
 }
 
+// toTimeSeries creates `ALERTS` and `ALERTS_FOR_STATE` for active alerts
 func (ar *AlertingRule) toTimeSeries(timestamp int64) []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
 	var tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
 	for _, a := range ar.alerts {
@@ -600,26 +614,83 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) alertToTimeSeries(a *notifier.Alert, timestamp int64) []
 }
 
 func alertToTimeSeries(a *notifier.Alert, timestamp int64) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
-	labels := make(map[string]string)
+	var labels []prompbmarshal.Label
 	for k, v := range a.Labels {
-		labels[k] = v
+		labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: v,
+		})
+	}
+	// __name__ already been dropped, no need to check duplication
+	labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName})
+	if ol := promrelabel.GetLabelByName(labels, alertStateLabel); ol != nil {
+		ol.Value = a.State.String()
+	} else {
+		labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: alertStateLabel, Value: a.State.String()})
 	}
-	labels["__name__"] = alertMetricName
-	labels[alertStateLabel] = a.State.String()
 	return newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp}, labels)
 }
 
-// alertForToTimeSeries returns a timeseries that represents
+// alertForToTimeSeries returns a time series that represents
 // state of active alerts, where value is time when alert become active
 func alertForToTimeSeries(a *notifier.Alert, timestamp int64) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
-	labels := make(map[string]string)
+	var labels []prompbmarshal.Label
 	for k, v := range a.Labels {
-		labels[k] = v
+		labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: v,
+		})
 	}
-	labels["__name__"] = alertForStateMetricName
+	// __name__ already been dropped, no need to check duplication
+	labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName})
 	return newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(a.ActiveAt.Unix())}, []int64{timestamp}, labels)
 }
 
+// pendingAlertStaleTimeSeries returns stale `ALERTS` and `ALERTS_FOR_STATE` time series
+// for alerts which changed their state from Pending to Inactive or Firing.
+func pendingAlertStaleTimeSeries(ls map[string]string, timestamp int64, includeAlertForState bool) []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
+	var result []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
+	var baseLabels []prompbmarshal.Label
+	for k, v := range ls {
+		baseLabels = append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: v,
+		})
+	}
+	// __name__ already been dropped, no need to check duplication
+	alertsLabels := append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName})
+	alertsLabels = append(alertsLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: alertStateLabel, Value: notifier.StatePending.String()})
+	result = append(result, newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{timestamp}, alertsLabels))
+
+	if includeAlertForState {
+		alertsForStateLabels := append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName})
+		result = append(result, newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{timestamp}, alertsForStateLabels))
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// firingAlertStaleTimeSeries returns stale `ALERTS` and `ALERTS_FOR_STATE` time series
+// for alerts which changed their state from Firing to Inactive.
+func firingAlertStaleTimeSeries(ls map[string]string, timestamp int64) []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
+	var baseLabels []prompbmarshal.Label
+	for k, v := range ls {
+		baseLabels = append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: v,
+		})
+	}
+	// __name__ already been dropped, no need to check duplication
+	alertsLabels := append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName})
+	alertsLabels = append(alertsLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: alertStateLabel, Value: notifier.StateFiring.String()})
+
+	alertsForStateLabels := append(baseLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName})
+
+	return []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{timestamp}, alertsLabels),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{timestamp}, alertsForStateLabels),
+	}
+}
+
 // restore restores the value of ActiveAt field for active alerts,
 // based on previously written time series `alertForStateMetricName`.
 // Only rules with For > 0 can be restored.

app/vmalert/rule/alerting_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/notifier"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promutils"
 )
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		rule.alerts[alert.ID] = alert
 		tss := rule.toTimeSeries(timestamp.Unix())
 		if err := compareTimeSeries(t, tssExpected, tss); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("timeseries mismatch: %s", err)
+			t.Fatalf("timeseries mismatch for rule %q: %s", rule.Name, err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -36,14 +37,23 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		State:    notifier.StateFiring,
 		ActiveAt: timestamp.Add(time.Second),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":      alertMetricName,
-			alertStateLabel: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: alertMetricName,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  alertStateLabel,
+				Value: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+			},
 		}),
 		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())},
 			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
-			map[string]string{
-				"__name__": alertForStateMetricName,
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: alertForStateMetricName,
+				},
 			}),
 	})
 
@@ -54,18 +64,40 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 			"instance": "bar",
 		},
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":      alertMetricName,
-			alertStateLabel: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
-			"job":           "foo",
-			"instance":      "bar",
-		}),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: alertMetricName,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  alertStateLabel,
+					Value: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+			}),
 		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())},
 			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
-			map[string]string{
-				"__name__": alertForStateMetricName,
-				"job":      "foo",
-				"instance": "bar",
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: alertForStateMetricName,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
 			}),
 	})
 
@@ -73,18 +105,29 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		State: notifier.StateFiring, ActiveAt: timestamp.Add(time.Second),
 		Labels: map[string]string{
 			alertStateLabel: "foo",
-			"__name__":      "bar",
 		},
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":      alertMetricName,
-			alertStateLabel: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: alertMetricName,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  alertStateLabel,
+				Value: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+			},
 		}),
 		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())},
 			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
-			map[string]string{
-				"__name__":      alertForStateMetricName,
-				alertStateLabel: "foo",
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: alertForStateMetricName,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  alertStateLabel,
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
 			}),
 	})
 
@@ -92,14 +135,23 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		State:    notifier.StateFiring,
 		ActiveAt: timestamp.Add(time.Second),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":      alertMetricName,
-			alertStateLabel: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: alertMetricName,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  alertStateLabel,
+				Value: notifier.StateFiring.String(),
+			},
 		}),
 		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())},
 			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
-			map[string]string{
-				"__name__": alertForStateMetricName,
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: alertForStateMetricName,
+				},
 			}),
 	})
 
@@ -107,12 +159,21 @@ func TestAlertingRuleToTimeSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		State:    notifier.StatePending,
 		ActiveAt: timestamp.Add(time.Second),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":      alertMetricName,
-			alertStateLabel: notifier.StatePending.String(),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: alertMetricName,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  alertStateLabel,
+				Value: notifier.StatePending.String(),
+			},
 		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": alertForStateMetricName,
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(timestamp.Add(time.Second).Unix())}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: alertForStateMetricName,
+			},
 		}),
 	})
 }
@@ -124,7 +185,9 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		alert  *notifier.Alert
 	}
 
-	f := func(rule *AlertingRule, steps [][]datasource.Metric, alertsExpected map[int][]testAlert) {
+	ts, _ := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2024-10-29T00:00:00Z")
+
+	f := func(rule *AlertingRule, steps [][]datasource.Metric, alertsExpected map[int][]testAlert, tssExpected map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) {
 		t.Helper()
 
 		fq := &datasource.FakeQuerier{}
@@ -134,13 +197,19 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 			Name: "TestRule_Exec",
 		}
 		rule.GroupID = fakeGroup.ID()
-		ts := time.Now()
 		for i, step := range steps {
 			fq.Reset()
 			fq.Add(step...)
-			if _, err := rule.exec(context.TODO(), ts, 0); err != nil {
+			tss, err := rule.exec(context.TODO(), ts, 0)
+			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 			}
+			// check generate time series
+			if _, ok := tssExpected[i]; ok {
+				if err := compareTimeSeries(t, tssExpected[i], tss); err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("generated time series mismatch for rule %q in step %d: %s", rule.Name, i, err)
+				}
+			}
 
 			// shift the execution timestamp before the next iteration
 			ts = ts.Add(defaultStep)
@@ -174,13 +243,21 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	f(newTestAlertingRule("empty", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{}, nil)
+	f(newTestAlertingRule("empty", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{}, nil, nil)
 
-	f(newTestAlertingRule("empty labels", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{
+	f(newTestAlertingRule("empty_labels", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{datasource.Metric{Values: []float64{1}, Timestamps: []int64{1}}},
 	}, map[int][]testAlert{
 		0: {{alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
-	})
+	},
+		map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+			0: {
+				{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "empty_labels"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}},
+					Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+				{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "empty_labels"}},
+					Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			},
+		})
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
@@ -194,6 +271,25 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		2: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
 		3: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
 		4: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
+	}, map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		0: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		1: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		2: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Add(2 * defaultStep).Unix()), Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
 	})
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("single-firing=>inactive=>firing=>inactive=>inactive=>firing", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{
@@ -210,7 +306,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		3: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
 		4: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
 		5: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("multiple-firing", 0), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{
@@ -224,7 +320,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 			{labels: []string{"name", "foo1"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
 			{labels: []string{"name", "foo2"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
 		},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 
 	// 1: fire first alert
 	// 2: fire second alert, set first inactive
@@ -233,27 +329,57 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo1")},
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo2")},
-	},
-		map[int][]testAlert{
-			0: {
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
-			},
-			1: {
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo1"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
-			},
-			2: {
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo1"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
-				{labels: []string{"name", "foo2"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
-			},
-		})
+	}, map[int][]testAlert{
+		0: {
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
+		},
+		1: {
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo1"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
+		},
+		2: {
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo1"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}},
+			{labels: []string{"name", "foo2"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}},
+		},
+	}, map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		0: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		1: {
+			// stale time series for foo, `firing -> inactive`
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			// new time series for foo1
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo1"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo1"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Add(defaultStep).Unix()), Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		2: {
+			// stale time series for foo1
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo1"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo1"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			// new time series for foo2
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo2"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "multiple-steps-firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo2"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Add(2 * defaultStep).Unix()), Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+	})
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("for-pending", time.Minute), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
 	}, map[int][]testAlert{
 		0: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("for-fired", defaultStep), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
@@ -261,6 +387,22 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 	}, map[int][]testAlert{
 		0: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
 		1: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
+	}, map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		0: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-fired"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "pending"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-fired"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		1: {
+			// stale time series for `pending -> firing`
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-fired"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "pending"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-fired"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "firing"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-fired"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Add(defaultStep).Unix()), Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
 	})
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("for-pending=>empty", time.Second), [][]datasource.Metric{
@@ -272,6 +414,26 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		0: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
 		1: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
 		2: {},
+	}, map[int][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		0: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "pending"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		1: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "pending"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: float64(ts.Unix()), Timestamp: ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
+		// stale time series for `pending -> inactive`
+		2: {
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "alertstate", Value: "pending"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+			{Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: alertForStateMetricName}, {Name: "alertname", Value: "for-pending=>empty"}, {Name: "name", Value: "foo"}},
+				Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.Add(2*defaultStep).UnixNano() / 1e6}}},
+		},
 	})
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRule("for-pending=>firing=>inactive=>pending=>firing", defaultStep), [][]datasource.Metric{
@@ -287,7 +449,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		2: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
 		3: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
 		4: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRuleWithCustomFields("for-pending=>firing=>keepfiring=>firing", defaultStep, 0, defaultStep, nil), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
@@ -300,7 +462,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		1: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
 		2: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
 		3: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 
 	f(newTestAlertingRuleWithCustomFields("for-pending=>firing=>keepfiring=>keepfiring=>inactive=>pending=>firing", defaultStep, 0, 2*defaultStep, nil), [][]datasource.Metric{
 		{metricWithLabels(t, "name", "foo")},
@@ -321,7 +483,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		4: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateInactive}}},
 		5: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StatePending}}},
 		6: {{labels: []string{"name", "foo"}, alert: &notifier.Alert{State: notifier.StateFiring}}},
-	})
+	}, nil)
 }
 
 func TestAlertingRuleExecRange(t *testing.T) {
@@ -477,7 +639,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExecRange(t *testing.T) {
 		{Values: []float64{1, 1, 1}, Timestamps: []int64{1, 3, 5}},
 		{
 			Values: []float64{1, 1}, Timestamps: []int64{1, 5},
-			Labels: []datasource.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}},
+			Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}},
 		},
 	}, []*notifier.Alert{
 		{State: notifier.StatePending, ActiveAt: time.Unix(1, 0)},
@@ -523,7 +685,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExecRange(t *testing.T) {
 		{Values: []float64{1, 1}, Timestamps: []int64{1, 100}},
 		{
 			Values: []float64{1, 1}, Timestamps: []int64{1, 5},
-			Labels: []datasource.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}},
+			Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}},
 		},
 	}, []*notifier.Alert{
 		{
@@ -1047,7 +1209,7 @@ func newTestAlertingRuleWithCustomFields(name string, waitFor, evalInterval, kee
 
 func TestAlertingRule_ToLabels(t *testing.T) {
 	metric := datasource.Metric{
-		Labels: []datasource.Label{
+		Labels: []prompbmarshal.Label{
 			{Name: "instance", Value: "0.0.0.0:8800"},
 			{Name: "group", Value: "vmalert"},
 			{Name: "alertname", Value: "ConfigurationReloadFailure"},

app/vmalert/rule/group.go

@@ -8,12 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"net/url"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
-
 	"github.com/cheggaaa/pb/v3"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/config"
@@ -21,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/notifier"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/remotewrite"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
@@ -213,7 +209,6 @@ func (g *Group) restore(ctx context.Context, qb datasource.QuerierBuilder, ts ti
 			continue
 		}
 		q := qb.BuildWithParams(datasource.QuerierParams{
-			DataSourceType:     g.Type.String(),
 			EvaluationInterval: g.Interval,
 			QueryParams:        g.Params,
 			Headers:            g.Headers,
@@ -351,10 +346,9 @@ func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, nts func() []notifier.Notifier, rw re
 	}
 
 	e := &executor{
-		Rw:                       rw,
-		Notifiers:                nts,
-		notifierHeaders:          g.NotifierHeaders,
-		previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
+		Rw:              rw,
+		Notifiers:       nts,
+		notifierHeaders: g.NotifierHeaders,
 	}
 
 	g.infof("started")
@@ -427,8 +421,6 @@ func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, nts func() []notifier.Notifier, rw re
 				continue
 			}
 
-			// ensure that staleness is tracked for existing rules only
-			e.purgeStaleSeries(g.Rules)
 			e.notifierHeaders = g.NotifierHeaders
 			g.mu.Unlock()
 
@@ -540,10 +532,9 @@ func (g *Group) Replay(start, end time.Time, rw remotewrite.RWClient, maxDataPoi
 // ExecOnce evaluates all the rules under group for once with given timestamp.
 func (g *Group) ExecOnce(ctx context.Context, nts func() []notifier.Notifier, rw remotewrite.RWClient, evalTS time.Time) chan error {
 	e := &executor{
-		Rw:                       rw,
-		Notifiers:                nts,
-		notifierHeaders:          g.NotifierHeaders,
-		previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
+		Rw:              rw,
+		Notifiers:       nts,
+		notifierHeaders: g.NotifierHeaders,
 	}
 	if len(g.Rules) < 1 {
 		return nil
@@ -634,13 +625,6 @@ type executor struct {
 	notifierHeaders map[string]string
 
 	Rw remotewrite.RWClient
-
-	previouslySentSeriesToRWMu sync.Mutex
-	// previouslySentSeriesToRW stores series sent to RW on previous iteration
-	// map[ruleID]map[ruleLabels][]prompb.Label
-	// where `ruleID` is ID of the Rule within a Group
-	// and `ruleLabels` is []prompb.Label marshalled to a string
-	previouslySentSeriesToRW map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label
 }
 
 // execConcurrently executes rules concurrently if concurrency>1
@@ -707,11 +691,6 @@ func (e *executor) exec(ctx context.Context, r Rule, ts time.Time, resolveDurati
 		if err := pushToRW(tss); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
-		staleSeries := e.getStaleSeries(r, tss, ts)
-		if err := pushToRW(staleSeries); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 	}
 
 	ar, ok := r.(*AlertingRule)
@@ -738,79 +717,3 @@ func (e *executor) exec(ctx context.Context, r Rule, ts time.Time, resolveDurati
 	wg.Wait()
 	return errGr.Err()
 }
-
-var bbPool bytesutil.ByteBufferPool
-
-// getStaleSeries checks whether there are stale series from previously sent ones.
-func (e *executor) getStaleSeries(r Rule, tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries, timestamp time.Time) []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
-	bb := bbPool.Get()
-	defer bbPool.Put(bb)
-
-	ruleLabels := make(map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label, len(tss))
-	for _, ts := range tss {
-		// convert labels to strings, so we can compare with previously sent series
-		bb.B = labelsToString(bb.B, ts.Labels)
-		ruleLabels[string(bb.B)] = ts.Labels
-		bb.Reset()
-	}
-
-	rID := r.ID()
-	var staleS []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
-	// check whether there are series which disappeared and need to be marked as stale
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRWMu.Lock()
-	for key, labels := range e.previouslySentSeriesToRW[rID] {
-		if _, ok := ruleLabels[key]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		// previously sent series are missing in current series, so we mark them as stale
-		ss := newTimeSeriesPB([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{timestamp.Unix()}, labels)
-		staleS = append(staleS, ss)
-	}
-	// set previous series to current
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRW[rID] = ruleLabels
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRWMu.Unlock()
-
-	return staleS
-}
-
-// purgeStaleSeries deletes references in tracked
-// previouslySentSeriesToRW list to Rules which aren't present
-// in the given activeRules list. The method is used when the list
-// of loaded rules has changed and executor has to remove
-// references to non-existing rules.
-func (e *executor) purgeStaleSeries(activeRules []Rule) {
-	newPreviouslySentSeriesToRW := make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label)
-
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRWMu.Lock()
-
-	for _, rule := range activeRules {
-		id := rule.ID()
-		prev, ok := e.previouslySentSeriesToRW[id]
-		if ok {
-			// keep previous series for staleness detection
-			newPreviouslySentSeriesToRW[id] = prev
-		}
-	}
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRW = nil
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRW = newPreviouslySentSeriesToRW
-
-	e.previouslySentSeriesToRWMu.Unlock()
-}
-
-func labelsToString(dst []byte, labels []prompbmarshal.Label) []byte {
-	dst = append(dst, '{')
-	for i, label := range labels {
-		if len(label.Name) == 0 {
-			dst = append(dst, "__name__"...)
-		} else {
-			dst = append(dst, label.Name...)
-		}
-		dst = append(dst, '=')
-		dst = strconv.AppendQuote(dst, label.Value)
-		if i < len(labels)-1 {
-			dst = append(dst, ',')
-		}
-	}
-	dst = append(dst, '}')
-	return dst
-}

app/vmalert/rule/group_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -17,8 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/notifier"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/remotewrite"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/templates"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promutils"
 )
 
@@ -383,153 +380,6 @@ func TestGetResolveDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	f(2*time.Minute, 0, 1*time.Minute, 8*time.Minute)
 }
 
-func TestGetStaleSeries(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := time.Now()
-	e := &executor{
-		previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
-	}
-	f := func(r Rule, labels, expLabels [][]prompbmarshal.Label) {
-		t.Helper()
-
-		var tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
-		for _, l := range labels {
-			tss = append(tss, newTimeSeriesPB([]float64{1}, []int64{ts.Unix()}, l))
-		}
-		staleS := e.getStaleSeries(r, tss, ts)
-		if staleS == nil && expLabels == nil {
-			return
-		}
-		if len(staleS) != len(expLabels) {
-			t.Fatalf("expected to get %d stale series, got %d",
-				len(expLabels), len(staleS))
-		}
-		for i, exp := range expLabels {
-			got := staleS[i]
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(exp, got.Labels) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected to get labels: \n%v;\ngot instead: \n%v",
-					exp, got.Labels)
-			}
-			if len(got.Samples) != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("expected to have 1 sample; got %d", len(got.Samples))
-			}
-			if !decimal.IsStaleNaN(got.Samples[0].Value) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected sample value to be %v; got %v", decimal.StaleNaN, got.Samples[0].Value)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// warn: keep in mind, that executor holds the state, so sequence of f calls matters
-
-	// single series
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		nil,
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")})
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		nil,
-		nil)
-
-	// multiple series
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo"),
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar"),
-		},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar")},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")})
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar")},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		nil,
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar")})
-
-	// multiple rules and series
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo"),
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar"),
-		},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 2},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo"),
-			toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar"),
-		},
-		nil)
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar")},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")})
-	f(&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1},
-		[][]prompbmarshal.Label{toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "bar")},
-		nil)
-}
-
-func TestPurgeStaleSeries(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := time.Now()
-	labels := toPromLabels(t, "__name__", "job:foo", "job", "foo")
-	tss := []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{newTimeSeriesPB([]float64{1}, []int64{ts.Unix()}, labels)}
-
-	f := func(curRules, newRules, expStaleRules []Rule) {
-		t.Helper()
-		e := &executor{
-			previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
-		}
-		// seed executor with series for
-		// current rules
-		for _, rule := range curRules {
-			e.getStaleSeries(rule, tss, ts)
-		}
-
-		e.purgeStaleSeries(newRules)
-
-		if len(e.previouslySentSeriesToRW) != len(expStaleRules) {
-			t.Fatalf("expected to get %d stale series, got %d",
-				len(expStaleRules), len(e.previouslySentSeriesToRW))
-		}
-
-		for _, exp := range expStaleRules {
-			if _, ok := e.previouslySentSeriesToRW[exp.ID()]; !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("expected to have rule %d; got nil instead", exp.ID())
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	f(nil, nil, nil)
-	f(
-		nil,
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}},
-		nil,
-	)
-	f(
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}},
-		nil,
-		nil,
-	)
-	f(
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}},
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-		nil,
-	)
-	f(
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}, &AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-	)
-	f(
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}, &AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}, &AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-		[]Rule{&AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}, &AlertingRule{RuleID: 2}},
-	)
-}
-
 func TestFaultyNotifier(t *testing.T) {
 	fq := &datasource.FakeQuerier{}
 	fq.Add(metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 1, "__name__", "foo", "job", "bar"))
@@ -580,8 +430,7 @@ func TestFaultyRW(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	e := &executor{
-		Rw:                       &remotewrite.Client{},
-		previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
+		Rw: &remotewrite.Client{},
 	}
 
 	err := e.exec(context.Background(), r, time.Now(), 0, 10)

app/vmalert/rule/group_timing_test.go

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-package rule
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
-)
-
-func BenchmarkGetStaleSeries(b *testing.B) {
-	ts := time.Now()
-	n := 100
-	payload := make([]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries, 0, n)
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)
-		labels := toPromLabels(b,
-			"__name__", "foo", ""+
-				"instance", s,
-			"job", s,
-			"state", s,
-		)
-		payload = append(payload, newTimeSeriesPB([]float64{1}, []int64{ts.Unix()}, labels))
-	}
-
-	e := &executor{
-		previouslySentSeriesToRW: make(map[uint64]map[string][]prompbmarshal.Label),
-	}
-	ar := &AlertingRule{RuleID: 1}
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		e.getStaleSeries(ar, payload, ts)
-	}
-}

app/vmalert/rule/recording.go

@@ -3,14 +3,17 @@ package rule
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/config"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promrelabel"
 )
 
 // RecordingRule is a Rule that supposed
@@ -32,6 +35,8 @@ type RecordingRule struct {
 	// during evaluations
 	state *ruleState
 
+	lastEvaluation map[string]struct{}
+
 	metrics *recordingRuleMetrics
 }
 
@@ -64,10 +69,11 @@ func NewRecordingRule(qb datasource.QuerierBuilder, group *Group, cfg config.Rul
 		File:      group.File,
 		metrics:   &recordingRuleMetrics{},
 		q: qb.BuildWithParams(datasource.QuerierParams{
-			DataSourceType:     group.Type.String(),
-			EvaluationInterval: group.Interval,
-			QueryParams:        group.Params,
-			Headers:            group.Headers,
+			DataSourceType:            group.Type.String(),
+			ApplyIntervalAsTimeFilter: setIntervalAsTimeFilter(group.Type.String(), cfg.Expr),
+			EvaluationInterval:        group.Interval,
+			QueryParams:               group.Params,
+			Headers:                   group.Headers,
 		}),
 	}
 
@@ -110,7 +116,7 @@ func (rr *RecordingRule) execRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) ([
 	var tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
 	for _, s := range res.Data {
 		ts := rr.toTimeSeries(s)
-		key := stringifyLabels(ts)
+		key := stringifyLabels(ts.Labels)
 		if _, ok := duplicates[key]; ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("original metric %v; resulting labels %q: %w", s.Labels, key, errDuplicate)
 		}
@@ -152,28 +158,47 @@ func (rr *RecordingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]p
 		return nil, curState.Err
 	}
 
-	duplicates := make(map[string]struct{}, len(qMetrics))
+	curEvaluation := make(map[string]struct{}, len(qMetrics))
+	lastEvaluation := rr.lastEvaluation
 	var tss []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
 	for _, r := range qMetrics {
 		ts := rr.toTimeSeries(r)
-		key := stringifyLabels(ts)
-		if _, ok := duplicates[key]; ok {
+		key := stringifyLabels(ts.Labels)
+		if _, ok := curEvaluation[key]; ok {
 			curState.Err = fmt.Errorf("original metric %v; resulting labels %q: %w", r, key, errDuplicate)
 			return nil, curState.Err
 		}
-		duplicates[key] = struct{}{}
+		curEvaluation[key] = struct{}{}
+		delete(lastEvaluation, key)
 		tss = append(tss, ts)
 	}
+	// check for stale time series
+	for k := range lastEvaluation {
+		tss = append(tss, prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+			Labels: stringToLabels(k),
+			Samples: []prompbmarshal.Sample{
+				{Value: decimal.StaleNaN, Timestamp: ts.UnixNano() / 1e6},
+			}})
+	}
+	rr.lastEvaluation = curEvaluation
 	return tss, nil
 }
 
-func stringifyLabels(ts prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) string {
-	labels := ts.Labels
-	if len(labels) > 1 {
-		sort.Slice(labels, func(i, j int) bool {
-			return labels[i].Name < labels[j].Name
-		})
+func stringToLabels(s string) []prompbmarshal.Label {
+	labels := strings.Split(s, ",")
+	rLabels := make([]prompbmarshal.Label, 0, len(labels))
+	for i := range labels {
+		if label := strings.Split(labels[i], "="); len(label) == 2 {
+			rLabels = append(rLabels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+				Name:  label[0],
+				Value: label[1],
+			})
+		}
 	}
+	return rLabels
+}
+
+func stringifyLabels(labels []prompbmarshal.Label) string {
 	b := strings.Builder{}
 	for i, l := range labels {
 		b.WriteString(l.Name)
@@ -187,19 +212,27 @@ func stringifyLabels(ts prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) string {
 }
 
 func (rr *RecordingRule) toTimeSeries(m datasource.Metric) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
-	labels := make(map[string]string)
-	for _, l := range m.Labels {
-		labels[l.Name] = l.Value
+	if preN := promrelabel.GetLabelByName(m.Labels, "__name__"); preN != nil {
+		preN.Value = rr.Name
+	} else {
+		m.Labels = append(m.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  "__name__",
+			Value: rr.Name,
+		})
 	}
-	labels["__name__"] = rr.Name
-	// override existing labels with configured ones
-	for k, v := range rr.Labels {
-		if _, ok := labels[k]; ok && labels[k] != v {
-			labels[fmt.Sprintf("exported_%s", k)] = labels[k]
+	for k := range rr.Labels {
+		prevLabel := promrelabel.GetLabelByName(m.Labels, k)
+		if prevLabel != nil && prevLabel.Value != rr.Labels[k] {
+			// Rename the prevLabel to "exported_" + label.Name
+			prevLabel.Name = fmt.Sprintf("exported_%s", prevLabel.Name)
 		}
-		labels[k] = v
+		m.Labels = append(m.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: rr.Labels[k],
+		})
 	}
-	return newTimeSeries(m.Values, m.Timestamps, labels)
+	ts := newTimeSeries(m.Values, m.Timestamps, m.Labels)
+	return ts
 }
 
 // updateWith copies all significant fields.
@@ -213,3 +246,15 @@ func (rr *RecordingRule) updateWith(r Rule) error {
 	rr.q = nr.q
 	return nil
 }
+
+// setIntervalAsTimeFilter returns true if given LogsQL has a time filter.
+func setIntervalAsTimeFilter(dType, expr string) bool {
+	if dType != "vlogs" {
+		return false
+	}
+	q, err := logstorage.ParseStatsQuery(expr, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Panicf("BUG: the LogsQL query must be valid here; got error: %s; query=[%s]", err, expr)
+	}
+	return !q.HasGlobalTimeFilter()
+}

app/vmalert/rule/recording_test.go

@@ -9,59 +9,131 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/utils"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
 func TestRecordingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
-	f := func(rule *RecordingRule, metrics []datasource.Metric, tssExpected []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) {
+	ts, _ := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2024-10-29T00:00:00Z")
+	const defaultStep = 5 * time.Millisecond
+
+	f := func(rule *RecordingRule, steps [][]datasource.Metric, tssExpected [][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) {
 		t.Helper()
 
 		fq := &datasource.FakeQuerier{}
-		fq.Add(metrics...)
-		rule.q = fq
-		rule.state = &ruleState{
-			entries: make([]StateEntry, 10),
-		}
-		tss, err := rule.exec(context.TODO(), time.Now(), 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected RecordingRule.exec error: %s", err)
-		}
-		if err := compareTimeSeries(t, tssExpected, tss); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("timeseries missmatch: %s", err)
+		for i, step := range steps {
+			fq.Reset()
+			fq.Add(step...)
+			rule.q = fq
+			rule.state = &ruleState{
+				entries: make([]StateEntry, 10),
+			}
+			tss, err := rule.exec(context.TODO(), ts, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("fail to test rule %s: unexpected error: %s", rule.Name, err)
+			}
+			if err := compareTimeSeries(t, tssExpected[i], tss); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("fail to test rule %s: time series mismatch on step %d: %s", rule.Name, i, err)
+			}
+
+			ts = ts.Add(defaultStep)
 		}
 	}
 
-	timestamp := time.Now()
-
 	f(&RecordingRule{
 		Name: "foo",
-	}, []datasource.Metric{
+	}, [][]datasource.Metric{{
 		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 10, "__name__", "bar"),
-	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{10}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foo",
+	}}, [][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{{
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{10}, []int64{ts.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: "foo",
+			},
 		}),
-	})
+	}})
 
 	f(&RecordingRule{
 		Name: "foobarbaz",
-	}, []datasource.Metric{
-		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 1, "__name__", "foo", "job", "foo"),
-		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 2, "__name__", "bar", "job", "bar"),
-		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 3, "__name__", "baz", "job", "baz"),
-	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-			"job":      "foo",
-		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-			"job":      "bar",
-		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{3}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-			"job":      "baz",
-		}),
+	}, [][]datasource.Metric{
+		{
+			metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 1, "__name__", "foo", "job", "foo"),
+			metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 2, "__name__", "bar", "job", "bar"),
+		},
+		{
+			metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 10, "__name__", "foo", "job", "foo"),
+		},
+		{
+			metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 10, "__name__", "foo", "job", "bar"),
+		},
+	}, [][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		{
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{ts.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+			}),
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{ts.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{10}, []int64{ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+			}),
+			// stale time series
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{ts.Add(defaultStep).UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{10}, []int64{ts.Add(2 * defaultStep).UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+			}),
+			newTimeSeries([]float64{decimal.StaleNaN}, []int64{ts.Add(2 * defaultStep).UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+			}),
+		},
 	})
 
 	f(&RecordingRule{
@@ -69,22 +141,44 @@ func TestRecordingRule_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 		Labels: map[string]string{
 			"source": "test",
 		},
-	}, []datasource.Metric{
+	}, [][]datasource.Metric{{
 		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 2, "__name__", "foo", "job", "foo"),
 		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 1, "__name__", "bar", "job", "bar", "source", "origin"),
-	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "job:foo",
-			"job":      "foo",
-			"source":   "test",
+	}}, [][]prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{{
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{ts.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: "job:foo",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "job",
+				Value: "foo",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "source",
+				Value: "test",
+			},
 		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__":        "job:foo",
-			"job":             "bar",
-			"source":          "test",
-			"exported_source": "origin",
-		}),
-	})
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{ts.UnixNano()},
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "job:foo",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "source",
+					Value: "test",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "exported_source",
+					Value: "origin",
+				},
+			}),
+	}})
 }
 
 func TestRecordingRule_ExecRange(t *testing.T) {
@@ -110,9 +204,13 @@ func TestRecordingRule_ExecRange(t *testing.T) {
 	}, []datasource.Metric{
 		metricWithValuesAndLabels(t, []float64{10, 20, 30}, "__name__", "bar"),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{10, 20, 30}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foo",
-		}),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{10, 20, 30}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()},
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foo",
+				},
+			}),
 	})
 
 	f(&RecordingRule{
@@ -122,18 +220,36 @@ func TestRecordingRule_ExecRange(t *testing.T) {
 		metricWithValuesAndLabels(t, []float64{2, 3}, "__name__", "bar", "job", "bar"),
 		metricWithValuesAndLabels(t, []float64{4, 5, 6}, "__name__", "baz", "job", "baz"),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-			"job":      "foo",
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: "foobarbaz",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "job",
+				Value: "foo",
+			},
 		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{2, 3}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-			"job":      "bar",
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{2, 3}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: "foobarbaz",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "job",
+				Value: "bar",
+			},
 		}),
 		newTimeSeries([]float64{4, 5, 6},
-			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-				"__name__": "foobarbaz",
-				"job":      "baz",
+			[]int64{timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano(), timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "foobarbaz",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "baz",
+				},
 			}),
 	})
 
@@ -146,16 +262,35 @@ func TestRecordingRule_ExecRange(t *testing.T) {
 		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 2, "__name__", "foo", "job", "foo"),
 		metricWithValueAndLabels(t, 1, "__name__", "bar", "job", "bar"),
 	}, []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "job:foo",
-			"job":      "foo",
-			"source":   "test",
-		}),
-		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, map[string]string{
-			"__name__": "job:foo",
-			"job":      "bar",
-			"source":   "test",
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{2}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()}, []prompbmarshal.Label{
+			{
+				Name:  "__name__",
+				Value: "job:foo",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "job",
+				Value: "foo",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "source",
+				Value: "test",
+			},
 		}),
+		newTimeSeries([]float64{1}, []int64{timestamp.UnixNano()},
+			[]prompbmarshal.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "job:foo",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "bar",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "source",
+					Value: "test",
+				},
+			}),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -266,3 +401,25 @@ func TestRecordingRuleExec_Negative(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("cannot execute recroding rule: %s", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSetIntervalAsTimeFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(s, dType string, expected bool) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		if setIntervalAsTimeFilter(dType, s) != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected result for hasTimeFilter(%q);  want %v", s, expected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	f(`* | count()`, "prometheus", false)
+
+	f(`* | count()`, "vlogs", true)
+	f(`error OR _time:5m  | count()`, "vlogs", true)
+	f(`(_time: 5m AND error) OR (_time: 5m AND warn) | count()`, "vlogs", true)
+	f(`* | error OR _time:5m | count()`, "vlogs", true)
+
+	f(`_time:5m | count()`, "vlogs", false)
+	f(`_time:2023-04-25T22:45:59Z | count()`, "vlogs", false)
+	f(`error AND _time:5m | count()`, "vlogs", false)
+	f(`* | error AND _time:5m | count()`, "vlogs", false)
+}

app/vmalert/rule/test_helpers.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/notifier"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/decimal"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ func metricWithLabels(t *testing.T, labels ...string) datasource.Metric {
 	}
 	m := datasource.Metric{Values: []float64{1}, Timestamps: []int64{1}}
 	for i := 0; i < len(labels); i += 2 {
-		m.Labels = append(m.Labels, datasource.Label{
+		m.Labels = append(m.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
 			Name:  labels[i],
 			Value: labels[i+1],
 		})
@@ -95,21 +96,6 @@ func metricWithLabels(t *testing.T, labels ...string) datasource.Metric {
 	return m
 }
 
-func toPromLabels(t testing.TB, labels ...string) []prompbmarshal.Label {
-	t.Helper()
-	if len(labels) == 0 || len(labels)%2 != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected to get even number of labels")
-	}
-	var ls []prompbmarshal.Label
-	for i := 0; i < len(labels); i += 2 {
-		ls = append(ls, prompbmarshal.Label{
-			Name:  labels[i],
-			Value: labels[i+1],
-		})
-	}
-	return ls
-}
-
 func compareTimeSeries(t *testing.T, a, b []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) error {
 	t.Helper()
 	if len(a) != len(b) {
@@ -122,7 +108,7 @@ func compareTimeSeries(t *testing.T, a, b []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries) error {
 		}
 		for i, exp := range expTS.Samples {
 			got := gotTS.Samples[i]
-			if got.Value != exp.Value {
+			if got.Value != exp.Value && (!decimal.IsStaleNaN(got.Value) || !decimal.IsStaleNaN(exp.Value)) {
 				return fmt.Errorf("expected value %.2f; got %.2f", exp.Value, got.Value)
 			}
 			// timestamp validation isn't always correct for now.

app/vmalert/rule/utils.go

@@ -9,10 +9,14 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmalert/datasource"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promrelabel"
 )
 
-func newTimeSeries(values []float64, timestamps []int64, labels map[string]string) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
+// newTimeSeries first sorts given labels, then returns new time series.
+func newTimeSeries(values []float64, timestamps []int64, labels []prompbmarshal.Label) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
+	promrelabel.SortLabels(labels)
 	ts := prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
+		Labels:  labels,
 		Samples: make([]prompbmarshal.Sample, len(values)),
 	}
 	for i := range values {
@@ -21,34 +25,6 @@ func newTimeSeries(values []float64, timestamps []int64, labels map[string]strin
 			Timestamp: time.Unix(timestamps[i], 0).UnixNano() / 1e6,
 		}
 	}
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(labels))
-	for k := range labels {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(keys) // make order deterministic
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		ts.Labels = append(ts.Labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
-			Name:  key,
-			Value: labels[key],
-		})
-	}
-	return ts
-}
-
-// newTimeSeriesPB creates prompbmarshal.TimeSeries with given
-// values, timestamps and labels.
-// It expects that labels are already sorted.
-func newTimeSeriesPB(values []float64, timestamps []int64, labels []prompbmarshal.Label) prompbmarshal.TimeSeries {
-	ts := prompbmarshal.TimeSeries{
-		Samples: make([]prompbmarshal.Sample, len(values)),
-	}
-	for i := range values {
-		ts.Samples[i] = prompbmarshal.Sample{
-			Value:     values[i],
-			Timestamp: time.Unix(timestamps[i], 0).UnixNano() / 1e6,
-		}
-	}
-	ts.Labels = labels
 	return ts
 }
 

app/vmalert/templates/template.go

@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ func GetWithFuncs(funcs textTpl.FuncMap) (*textTpl.Template, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// Clone() doesn't copy tpl Options, so we set them manually
+	tmpl = tmpl.Option("missingkey=zero")
 	return tmpl.Funcs(funcs), nil
 }
 

app/vmauth/auth_config.go

@@ -462,7 +462,6 @@ func getLeastLoadedBackendURL(bus []*backendURL, atomicCounter *atomic.Uint32) *
 
 	// Slow path - select other backend urls.
 	n := atomicCounter.Add(1) - 1
-
 	for i := uint32(0); i < uint32(len(bus)); i++ {
 		idx := (n + i) % uint32(len(bus))
 		bu := bus[idx]
@@ -484,7 +483,7 @@ func getLeastLoadedBackendURL(bus []*backendURL, atomicCounter *atomic.Uint32) *
 		if bu.isBroken() {
 			continue
 		}
-		if n := bu.concurrentRequests.Load(); n < minRequests {
+		if n := bu.concurrentRequests.Load(); n < minRequests || buMin.isBroken() {
 			buMin = bu
 			minRequests = n
 		}
@@ -861,22 +860,23 @@ func (ui *UserInfo) initURLs() error {
 	loadBalancingPolicy := *defaultLoadBalancingPolicy
 	dropSrcPathPrefixParts := 0
 	discoverBackendIPs := *discoverBackendIPsGlobal
+	if ui.RetryStatusCodes != nil {
+		retryStatusCodes = ui.RetryStatusCodes
+	}
+	if ui.LoadBalancingPolicy != "" {
+		loadBalancingPolicy = ui.LoadBalancingPolicy
+	}
+	if ui.DropSrcPathPrefixParts != nil {
+		dropSrcPathPrefixParts = *ui.DropSrcPathPrefixParts
+	}
+	if ui.DiscoverBackendIPs != nil {
+		discoverBackendIPs = *ui.DiscoverBackendIPs
+	}
+
 	if ui.URLPrefix != nil {
 		if err := ui.URLPrefix.sanitizeAndInitialize(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if ui.RetryStatusCodes != nil {
-			retryStatusCodes = ui.RetryStatusCodes
-		}
-		if ui.LoadBalancingPolicy != "" {
-			loadBalancingPolicy = ui.LoadBalancingPolicy
-		}
-		if ui.DropSrcPathPrefixParts != nil {
-			dropSrcPathPrefixParts = *ui.DropSrcPathPrefixParts
-		}
-		if ui.DiscoverBackendIPs != nil {
-			discoverBackendIPs = *ui.DiscoverBackendIPs
-		}
 		ui.URLPrefix.retryStatusCodes = retryStatusCodes
 		ui.URLPrefix.dropSrcPathPrefixParts = dropSrcPathPrefixParts
 		ui.URLPrefix.discoverBackendIPs = discoverBackendIPs

app/vmauth/auth_config_test.go

@@ -777,6 +777,28 @@ func TestGetLeastLoadedBackendURL(t *testing.T) {
 	fn(7, 7, 7)
 }
 
+func TestBrokenBackend(t *testing.T) {
+	up := mustParseURLs([]string{
+		"http://node1:343",
+		"http://node2:343",
+		"http://node3:343",
+	})
+	up.loadBalancingPolicy = "least_loaded"
+	pbus := up.bus.Load()
+	bus := *pbus
+
+	// explicitly mark one of the backends as broken
+	bus[1].setBroken()
+
+	// broken backend should never return while there are healthy backends
+	for i := 0; i < 1e3; i++ {
+		b := up.getBackendURL()
+		if b.isBroken() {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected broken backend %q", b.url)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func getRegexs(paths []string) []*Regex {
 	var sps []*Regex
 	for _, path := range paths {

app/vmauth/main.go

@@ -123,6 +123,12 @@ func requestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 
 	ui := getUserInfoByAuthTokens(ats)
 	if ui == nil {
+		uu := authConfig.Load().UnauthorizedUser
+		if uu != nil {
+			processUserRequest(w, r, uu)
+			return true
+		}
+
 		invalidAuthTokenRequests.Inc()
 		if *logInvalidAuthTokens {
 			err := fmt.Errorf("cannot authorize request with auth tokens %q", ats)

app/vmauth/main_test.go

@@ -90,6 +90,20 @@ User-Agent: vmauth
 X-Forwarded-For: 12.34.56.78, 42.2.3.84`
 	f(cfgStr, requestURL, backendHandler, responseExpected)
 
+	// routing of all failed to authorize requests to unauthorized_user (issue #7543)
+	cfgStr = `
+unauthorized_user:
+  url_prefix: "{BACKEND}/foo"
+  keep_original_host: true`
+	requestURL = "http://foo:invalid-secret@some-host.com/abc/def"
+	backendHandler = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "requested_url=http://%s%s", r.Host, r.URL)
+	}
+	responseExpected = `
+statusCode=200
+requested_url=http://some-host.com/foo/abc/def`
+	f(cfgStr, requestURL, backendHandler, responseExpected)
+
 	// keep_original_host
 	cfgStr = `
 unauthorized_user:

app/vmauth/target_url_test.go

@@ -187,6 +187,10 @@ func TestCreateTargetURLSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 				RetryStatusCodes:       []int{},
 				DropSrcPathPrefixParts: intp(0),
 			},
+			{
+				SrcPaths:  getRegexs([]string{"/metrics"}),
+				URLPrefix: mustParseURL("http://metrics-server"),
+			},
 		},
 		URLPrefix: mustParseURL("http://default-server"),
 		HeadersConf: HeadersConf{
@@ -206,6 +210,35 @@ func TestCreateTargetURLSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		"bb: aaa", "x: y", []int{502}, "least_loaded", 2)
 	f(ui, "https://foo-host/api/v1/write", "http://vminsert/0/prometheus/api/v1/write", "", "", []int{}, "least_loaded", 0)
 	f(ui, "https://foo-host/foo/bar/api/v1/query_range", "http://default-server/api/v1/query_range", "bb: aaa", "x: y", []int{502}, "least_loaded", 2)
+	f(ui, "https://foo-host/metrics", "http://metrics-server", "", "", []int{502}, "least_loaded", 2)
+
+	// Complex routing with `url_map` without global url_prefix
+	ui = &UserInfo{
+		URLMaps: []URLMap{
+			{
+				SrcPaths:               getRegexs([]string{"/api/v1/write"}),
+				URLPrefix:              mustParseURL("http://vminsert/0/prometheus"),
+				RetryStatusCodes:       []int{},
+				DropSrcPathPrefixParts: intp(0),
+			},
+			{
+				SrcPaths:  getRegexs([]string{"/metrics/a/b"}),
+				URLPrefix: mustParseURL("http://metrics-server"),
+			},
+		},
+		HeadersConf: HeadersConf{
+			RequestHeaders: []*Header{
+				mustNewHeader("'bb: aaa'"),
+			},
+			ResponseHeaders: []*Header{
+				mustNewHeader("'x: y'"),
+			},
+		},
+		RetryStatusCodes:       []int{502},
+		DropSrcPathPrefixParts: intp(2),
+	}
+	f(ui, "https://foo-host/api/v1/write", "http://vminsert/0/prometheus/api/v1/write", "", "", []int{}, "least_loaded", 0)
+	f(ui, "https://foo-host/metrics/a/b", "http://metrics-server/b", "", "", []int{502}, "least_loaded", 2)
 
 	// Complex routing regexp paths in `url_map`
 	ui = &UserInfo{

app/vmctl/flags.go

@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ var (
 		},
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name: vmNativeDisableBinaryProtocol,
-			Usage: "Whether to use https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format" +
+			Usage: "Whether to use https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format " +
 				"instead of https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-data-in-native-format API." +
 				"Binary export/import API protocol implies less network and resource usage, as it transfers compressed binary data blocks." +
 				"Non-binary export/import API is less efficient, but supports deduplication if it is configured on vm-native-src-addr side.",

app/vmctl/influx/influx.go

@@ -51,30 +51,31 @@ type Series struct {
 	Measurement string
 	Field       string
 	LabelPairs  []LabelPair
+
+	// EmptyTags contains tags in measurement whose value must be empty.
+	EmptyTags []string
 }
 
 var valueEscaper = strings.NewReplacer(`\`, `\\`, `'`, `\'`)
 
 func (s Series) fetchQuery(timeFilter string) string {
-	f := &strings.Builder{}
-	fmt.Fprintf(f, "select %q from %q", s.Field, s.Measurement)
-	if len(s.LabelPairs) > 0 || len(timeFilter) > 0 {
-		f.WriteString(" where")
+	conditions := make([]string, 0, len(s.LabelPairs)+len(s.EmptyTags))
+	for _, pair := range s.LabelPairs {
+		conditions = append(conditions, fmt.Sprintf("%q::tag='%s'", pair.Name, valueEscaper.Replace(pair.Value)))
 	}
-	for i, pair := range s.LabelPairs {
-		pairV := valueEscaper.Replace(pair.Value)
-		fmt.Fprintf(f, " %q::tag='%s'", pair.Name, pairV)
-		if i != len(s.LabelPairs)-1 {
-			f.WriteString(" and")
-		}
+	for _, label := range s.EmptyTags {
+		conditions = append(conditions, fmt.Sprintf("%q::tag=''", label))
 	}
 	if len(timeFilter) > 0 {
-		if len(s.LabelPairs) > 0 {
-			f.WriteString(" and")
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(f, " %s", timeFilter)
+		conditions = append(conditions, timeFilter)
 	}
-	return f.String()
+
+	q := fmt.Sprintf("select %q from %q", s.Field, s.Measurement)
+	if len(conditions) > 0 {
+		q += fmt.Sprintf(" where %s", strings.Join(conditions, " and "))
+	}
+
+	return q
 }
 
 // LabelPair is the key-value record
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ func NewClient(cfg Config) (*Client, error) {
 }
 
 // Database returns database name
-func (c Client) Database() string {
+func (c *Client) Database() string {
 	return c.database
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ func timeFilter(start, end string) string {
 }
 
 // Explore checks the existing data schema in influx
-// by checking available fields and series,
+// by checking available (non-empty) tags, fields and measurements
 // which unique combination represents all possible
 // time series existing in database.
 // The explore required to reduce the load on influx
@@ -150,6 +151,8 @@ func timeFilter(start, end string) string {
 // May contain non-existing time series.
 func (c *Client) Explore() ([]*Series, error) {
 	log.Printf("Exploring scheme for database %q", c.database)
+
+	// {"measurement1": ["value1", "value2"]}
 	mFields, err := c.fieldsByMeasurement()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get field keys: %s", err)
@@ -159,6 +162,12 @@ func (c *Client) Explore() ([]*Series, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("found no numeric fields for import in database %q", c.database)
 	}
 
+	// {"measurement1": {"tag1", "tag2"}}
+	measurementTags, err := c.getMeasurementTags()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get tags of measurements: %s", err)
+	}
+
 	series, err := c.getSeries()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get series: %s", err)
@@ -171,11 +180,17 @@ func (c *Client) Explore() ([]*Series, error) {
 			log.Printf("skip measurement %q since it has no fields", s.Measurement)
 			continue
 		}
+		tags, ok := measurementTags[s.Measurement]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to find tags of measurement %s", s.Measurement)
+		}
+		emptyTags := getEmptyTags(tags, s.LabelPairs)
 		for _, field := range fields {
 			is := &Series{
 				Measurement: s.Measurement,
 				Field:       field,
 				LabelPairs:  s.LabelPairs,
+				EmptyTags:   emptyTags,
 			}
 			iSeries = append(iSeries, is)
 		}
@@ -183,6 +198,22 @@ func (c *Client) Explore() ([]*Series, error) {
 	return iSeries, nil
 }
 
+// getEmptyTags returns tags of a measurement that are missing in a specific series.
+// Tags represent all tags of a measurement. LabelPairs represent tags of a specific series.
+func getEmptyTags(tags map[string]struct{}, LabelPairs []LabelPair) []string {
+	labelMap := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, pair := range LabelPairs {
+		labelMap[pair.Name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(labelMap)-len(LabelPairs))
+	for tag := range tags {
+		if _, ok := labelMap[tag]; !ok {
+			result = append(result, tag)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
 // ChunkedResponse is a wrapper over influx.ChunkedResponse.
 // Used for better memory usage control while iterating
 // over huge time series.
@@ -357,6 +388,57 @@ func (c *Client) getSeries() ([]*Series, error) {
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+// getMeasurementTags get the tags for each measurement.
+// tags are placed in a map without values (similar to a set) for quick lookups:
+// {"measurement1": {"tag1", "tag2"}, "measurement2": {"tag3", "tag4"}}
+func (c *Client) getMeasurementTags() (map[string]map[string]struct{}, error) {
+	com := "show tag keys"
+	q := influx.Query{
+		Command:         com,
+		Database:        c.database,
+		RetentionPolicy: c.retention,
+		Chunked:         true,
+		ChunkSize:       c.chunkSize,
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("fetching tag keys: %s", stringify(q))
+	cr, err := c.QueryAsChunk(q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while executing query %q: %s", q.Command, err)
+	}
+
+	const tagKey = "tagKey"
+	var tagsCount int
+	result := make(map[string]map[string]struct{})
+	for {
+		resp, err := cr.NextResponse()
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				break
+			}
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if resp.Error() != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("response error for query %q: %s", q.Command, resp.Error())
+		}
+		qValues, err := parseResult(resp.Results[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, qv := range qValues {
+			if result[qv.name] == nil {
+				result[qv.name] = make(map[string]struct{}, len(qv.values[tagKey]))
+			}
+			for _, tk := range qv.values[tagKey] {
+				result[qv.name][tk.(string)] = struct{}{}
+				tagsCount++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	log.Printf("found %d tag(s) for %d measurements", tagsCount, len(result))
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 func (c *Client) do(q influx.Query) ([]queryValues, error) {
 	res, err := c.Query(q)
 	if err != nil {

app/vmctl/influx/influx_test.go

@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ func TestFetchQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		Measurement: "cpu",
 		Field:       "value",
 	}, "", `select "value" from "cpu"`)
+
+	f(&Series{
+		Measurement: "cpu",
+		Field:       "value1",
+		EmptyTags:   []string{"e1", "e2", "e3"},
+	}, "", `select "value1" from "cpu" where "e1"::tag='' and "e2"::tag='' and "e3"::tag=''`)
 }
 
 func TestTimeFilter(t *testing.T) {

app/vmctl/main.go

@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ func main() {
 			},
 			{
 				Name:   "vm-native",
-				Usage:  "Migrate time series between VictoriaMetrics installations via native binary format",
+				Usage:  "Migrate time series between VictoriaMetrics installations",
 				Flags:  mergeFlags(globalFlags, vmNativeFlags),
 				Before: beforeFn,
 				Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {

app/vmselect/graphite/eval_test.go

@@ -2137,6 +2137,25 @@ func TestExecExprSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	f(`removeEmptySeries(removeBelowValue(time('a'),150),1)`, []*series{})
+	// if xFilesFactor is set, a single value in the series needs to be non-null for it to be
+	// considered non-empty
+	f(`removeEmptySeries(removeBelowValue(time('a'),150),0)`, []*series{
+		{
+			Timestamps: []int64{120000, 180000},
+			Values:     []float64{nan, 180},
+			Name:       "removeBelowValue(a,150)",
+			Tags:       map[string]string{"name": "a"},
+		},
+	})
+	f(`removeEmptySeries(removeBelowValue(time('a'),150),-1)`, []*series{
+		{
+			Timestamps: []int64{120000, 180000},
+			Values:     []float64{nan, 180},
+			Name:       "removeBelowValue(a,150)",
+			Tags:       map[string]string{"name": "a"},
+		},
+	})
+
 	f(`round(time('a',17),-1)`, []*series{
 		{
 			Timestamps:     []int64{120000, 137000, 154000, 171000, 188000, 205000},

app/vmselect/graphite/transform.go

@@ -3151,7 +3151,7 @@ func transformRemoveEmptySeries(ec *evalConfig, fe *graphiteql.FuncExpr) (nextSe
 			xff = xFilesFactor
 		}
 		n := aggrCount(s.Values)
-		if n/float64(len(s.Values)) < xff {
+		if n/float64(len(s.Values)) <= xff {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 		s.expr = fe

app/vmselect/promql/exec.go

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func maySortResults(e metricsql.Expr) bool {
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *metricsql.FuncExpr:
 		switch strings.ToLower(v.Name) {
-		case "sort", "sort_desc",
+		case "sort", "sort_desc", "limit_offset",
 			"sort_by_label", "sort_by_label_desc",
 			"sort_by_label_numeric", "sort_by_label_numeric_desc":
 			// Results already sorted

app/vmselect/promql/exec_test.go

@@ -9274,6 +9274,75 @@ func TestExecSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		resultExpected := []netstorage.Result{r1, r2}
 		f(q, resultExpected)
 	})
+	t.Run(`limit_offset(5, 0, sort_by_label_numeric_desc(multiple_labels_numbers_special_chars, "foo"))`, func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		q := `limit_offset(5, 0, sort_by_label_numeric_desc((
+                        label_set(3, "foo", "1:0:3"),
+			label_set(4, "foo", "5:0:15"),
+			label_set(1, "foo", "1:0:2"),
+			label_set(5, "foo", "7:0:15"),
+			label_set(7, "foo", "3:0:1"),
+			label_set(6, "foo", "1:0:2"),
+			label_set(8, "foo", "9:0:15")
+                ), "foo"))`
+		r1 := netstorage.Result{
+			MetricName: metricNameExpected,
+			Values:     []float64{8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8},
+			Timestamps: timestampsExpected,
+		}
+		r1.MetricName.Tags = []storage.Tag{
+			{
+				Key:   []byte("foo"),
+				Value: []byte("9:0:15"),
+			},
+		}
+		r2 := netstorage.Result{
+			MetricName: metricNameExpected,
+			Values:     []float64{5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5},
+			Timestamps: timestampsExpected,
+		}
+		r2.MetricName.Tags = []storage.Tag{
+			{
+				Key:   []byte("foo"),
+				Value: []byte("7:0:15"),
+			},
+		}
+		r3 := netstorage.Result{
+			MetricName: metricNameExpected,
+			Values:     []float64{4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4},
+			Timestamps: timestampsExpected,
+		}
+		r3.MetricName.Tags = []storage.Tag{
+			{
+				Key:   []byte("foo"),
+				Value: []byte("5:0:15"),
+			},
+		}
+		r4 := netstorage.Result{
+			MetricName: metricNameExpected,
+			Values:     []float64{7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7},
+			Timestamps: timestampsExpected,
+		}
+		r4.MetricName.Tags = []storage.Tag{
+			{
+				Key:   []byte("foo"),
+				Value: []byte("3:0:1"),
+			},
+		}
+		r5 := netstorage.Result{
+			MetricName: metricNameExpected,
+			Values:     []float64{3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3},
+			Timestamps: timestampsExpected,
+		}
+		r5.MetricName.Tags = []storage.Tag{
+			{
+				Key:   []byte("foo"),
+				Value: []byte("1:0:3"),
+			},
+		}
+		resultExpected := []netstorage.Result{r1, r2, r3, r4, r5}
+		f(q, resultExpected)
+	})
 	t.Run(`sort_by_label_numeric(alias_numbers_with_special_chars)`, func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		q := `sort_by_label_numeric((

app/vmselect/searchutils/searchutils.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	maxExportDuration        = flag.Duration("search.maxExportDuration", time.Hour*24*30, "The maximum duration for /api/v1/export call")
-	maxQueryDuration         = flag.Duration("search.maxQueryDuration", time.Second*30, "The maximum duration for query execution. It can be overridden on a per-query basis via 'timeout' query arg")
+	maxQueryDuration         = flag.Duration("search.maxQueryDuration", time.Second*30, "The maximum duration for query execution. It can be overridden to a smaller value on a per-query basis via 'timeout' query arg")
 	maxStatusRequestDuration = flag.Duration("search.maxStatusRequestDuration", time.Minute*5, "The maximum duration for /api/v1/status/* requests")
 	maxLabelsAPIDuration     = flag.Duration("search.maxLabelsAPIDuration", time.Second*5, "The maximum duration for /api/v1/labels, /api/v1/label/.../values and /api/v1/series requests. "+
 		"See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI")

app/vmselect/vmui/asset-manifest.json

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {
   "files": {
     "main.css": "./static/css/main.d781989c.css",
-    "main.js": "./static/js/main.68e2aae8.js",
+    "main.js": "./static/js/main.a7037969.js",
     "static/js/685.f772060c.chunk.js": "./static/js/685.f772060c.chunk.js",
     "static/media/MetricsQL.md": "./static/media/MetricsQL.a00044c91d9781cf8557.md",
     "index.html": "./index.html"
   },
   "entrypoints": [
     "static/css/main.d781989c.css",
-    "static/js/main.68e2aae8.js"
+    "static/js/main.a7037969.js"
   ]
 }

app/vmselect/vmui/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "license": {
+    "type": "opensource"
+  }
+}

app/vmselect/vmui/index.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="./favicon.svg" color="#000000"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=5"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta name="description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"/><link rel="manifest" href="./manifest.json"/><title>vmui</title><script src="./dashboards/index.js" type="module"></script><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@https://victoriametrics.com/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"><meta name="twitter:image" content="./preview.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics"><meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/"><meta property="og:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"><script defer="defer" src="./static/js/main.68e2aae8.js"></script><link href="./static/css/main.d781989c.css" rel="stylesheet"></head><body><noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript><div id="root"></div></body></html>
+<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="./favicon.svg"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="./favicon.svg" color="#000000"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=5"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta name="description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"/><link rel="manifest" href="./manifest.json"/><title>vmui</title><script src="./dashboards/index.js" type="module"></script><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@https://victoriametrics.com/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"><meta name="twitter:image" content="./preview.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics"><meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/"><meta property="og:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data"><script defer="defer" src="./static/js/main.a7037969.js"></script><link href="./static/css/main.d781989c.css" rel="stylesheet"></head><body><noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript><div id="root"></div></body></html>

app/vmui/Dockerfile-web

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.23.1 AS build-web-stage
+FROM golang:1.23.3 AS build-web-stage
 COPY build /build
 
 WORKDIR /build

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/hooks/useFetchFlags.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { useAppDispatch, useAppState } from "../state/common/StateContext";
 import { useEffect, useState } from "preact/compat";
 import { ErrorTypes } from "../types";
-import { getUrlWithoutTenant } from "../utils/tenants";
 
 const useFetchFlags = () => {
   const { serverUrl } = useAppState();
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ const useFetchFlags = () => {
       setIsLoading(true);
 
       try {
-        const url = getUrlWithoutTenant(serverUrl);
+        const url = new URL(serverUrl).origin;
         const response = await fetch(`${url}/flags`);
         const data = await response.text();
         const flags = data.split("\n").filter(flag => flag.trim() !== "")

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogs.tsx

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const ExploreLogs: FC = () => {
 
   const [limit, setLimit] = useStateSearchParams(defaultLimit, "limit");
   const [query, setQuery] = useStateSearchParams("*", "query");
-  const [tmpQuery, setTmpQuery] = useState("");
+  const [isUpdatingQuery, setIsUpdatingQuery] = useState(false);
   const [period, setPeriod] = useState<TimeParams>(periodState);
   const [queryError, setQueryError] = useState<ErrorTypes | string>("");
 
@@ -70,26 +70,28 @@ const ExploreLogs: FC = () => {
 
   const handleApplyFilter = (val: string) => {
     setQuery(prev => `_stream: ${val === "other" ? "{}" : val} AND (${prev})`);
+    setIsUpdatingQuery(true);
   };
 
-  const handleUpdateQuery = useCallback(() => {
+  const handleUpdateQuery = () => {
     if (isLoading || dataLogHits.isLoading) {
       abortController.abort && abortController.abort();
       dataLogHits.abortController.abort && dataLogHits.abortController.abort();
     } else {
-      setQuery(tmpQuery);
       handleRunQuery();
     }
-  }, [isLoading, dataLogHits.isLoading]);
+  };
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (query) handleRunQuery();
+    if (!query) return;
+    handleRunQuery();
   }, [periodState]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isUpdatingQuery) return;
     handleRunQuery();
-    setTmpQuery(query);
-  }, [query]);
+    setIsUpdatingQuery(false);
+  }, [query, isUpdatingQuery]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     !hideChart && fetchLogHits(period);
@@ -98,10 +100,10 @@ const ExploreLogs: FC = () => {
   return (
     <div className="vm-explore-logs">
       <ExploreLogsHeader
-        query={tmpQuery}
+        query={query}
         error={queryError}
         limit={limit}
-        onChange={setTmpQuery}
+        onChange={setQuery}
         onChangeLimit={handleChangeLimit}
         onRun={handleUpdateQuery}
         isLoading={isLoading || dataLogHits.isLoading}

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/GroupLogs/GroupLogs.tsx

@@ -64,11 +64,15 @@ const GroupLogs: FC<TableLogsProps> = ({ logs, settingsRef }) => {
     return groupByMultipleKeys(logs, [groupBy]).map((item) => {
       const streamValue = item.values[0]?.[groupBy] || "";
       const pairs = getStreamPairs(streamValue);
+      // values sorting by time
+      const values = item.values.sort((a,b) => new Date(b._time).getTime() - new Date(a._time).getTime());
       return {
-        ...item,
+        keys: item.keys,
+        keysString: item.keys.join(""),
+        values,
         pairs,
       };
-    });
+    }).sort((a, b) => a.keysString.localeCompare(b.keysString)); // groups sorting
   }, [logs, groupBy]);
 
   const handleClickByPair = (value: string) => async (e: MouseEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ const GroupLogs: FC<TableLogsProps> = ({ logs, settingsRef }) => {
         {groupData.map((item, i) => (
           <div
             className="vm-group-logs-section"
-            key={item.keys.join("")}
+            key={item.keysString}
           >
             <Accordion
               key={String(expandGroups[i])}
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ const GroupLogs: FC<TableLogsProps> = ({ logs, settingsRef }) => {
                   {item.pairs.map((pair) => (
                     <Tooltip
                       title={copied === pair ? "Copied" : "Copy to clipboard"}
-                      key={`${item.keys.join("")}_${pair}`}
+                      key={`${item.keysString}_${pair}`}
                       placement={"top-center"}
                     >
                       <div

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/router/navigation.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import router, { routerOptions } from "./index";
+import { getTenantIdFromUrl } from "../utils/tenants";
 
 export enum NavigationItemType {
   internalLink,
@@ -24,10 +25,12 @@ interface NavigationConfig {
  * Special case for alert link
  */
 const getAlertLink = (url: string, showAlertLink: boolean) => {
-  // see more https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/?highlight=vmalertproxyurl#vmalert
+  // see more https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#vmalert
+  const isCluster = !!getTenantIdFromUrl(url);
+  const value = isCluster ? `${url}/vmalert` : url.replace(/\/prometheus$/, "/vmalert");
   return {
     label: "Alerts",
-    value: `${url}/vmalert`,
+    value,
     type: NavigationItemType.externalLink,
     hide: !showAlertLink,
   };

apptest/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# App Integration Tests
+
+The `apptest` package contains the integration tests for the VictoriaMetrics
+applications (such as vmstorage, vminsert, and vmselect).
+
+An integration test aims at verifying the behavior of an application as a whole,
+as apposed to a unit test that verifies the behavior of a building block of an
+application.
+
+To achieve that an integration test starts an application in a separate process
+and then issues HTTP requets to it and verifies the responses, examines the
+metrics the app exposes and/or files it creates, etc.
+
+Note that an object of testing may be not just a single app, but several apps
+working together. A good example is VictoriaMetrics cluster. An integration test
+may reproduce an arbitrary cluster configuration and verify how the components
+work together as a system.
+
+The package provides a collection of helpers to start applications and make
+queries to them:
+
+-   `app.go` - contains the generic code for staring an application and should
+    not be used by integration tests directly.
+-   `{vmstorage,vminsert,etc}.go` - build on top of `app.go` and provide the
+    code for staring a specific application.
+-   `client.go` - provides helper functions for sending HTTP requests to
+    applications.
+
+The integration tests themselves reside in `tests/*_test.go` files. Apart from having
+the `_test` suffix, there are no strict rules of how to name a file, but the
+name should reflect the prevailing purpose of the tests located in that file.
+For example, `sharding_test.go` aims at testing data sharding.
+
+Since integration tests start applications in a separate process, they require
+the application binary files to be built and put into the `bin` directory. The
+build rule used for running integration tests, `make integration-test`,
+accounts for that, it builds all application binaries before running the tests.
+But if you want to run the tests without `make`, i.e. by executing
+`go test ./app/apptest`, you will need to build the binaries first (for example,
+by executing `make all`).
+
+Not all binaries can be built from `master` branch, cluster binaries can be built
+only from `cluster` branch. Hence, not all test cases suitable to run in both branches:
+- If test is using binaries from `cluster` branch, then test name should be prefixed 
+  with `TestCluster` word
+- If test is using binaries from `master` branch, then test name should be prefixed
+  with `TestVmsingle` word.

apptest/app.go

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Regular expressions for runtime information to extract from the app logs.
+var (
+	storageDataPathRE = regexp.MustCompile(`successfully opened storage "(.*)"`)
+	httpListenAddrRE  = regexp.MustCompile(`started server at http://(.*:\d{1,5})/`)
+	vminsertAddrRE    = regexp.MustCompile(`accepting vminsert conns at (.*:\d{1,5})$`)
+	vmselectAddrRE    = regexp.MustCompile(`accepting vmselect conns at (.*:\d{1,5})$`)
+)
+
+// app represents an instance of some VictoriaMetrics server (such as vmstorage,
+// vminsert, or vmselect).
+type app struct {
+	instance string
+	binary   string
+	flags    []string
+	process  *os.Process
+}
+
+// appOptions holds the optional configuration of an app, such as default flags
+// to set and things to extract from the app's log.
+type appOptions struct {
+	defaultFlags map[string]string
+	extractREs   []*regexp.Regexp
+}
+
+// startApp starts an instance of an app using the app binary file path and
+// flags. When the opts are set, it also sets the default flag values and
+// extracts runtime information from the app's log.
+//
+// If the app has started successfully and all the requested items has been
+// extracted from logs, the function returns the instance of the app and the
+// extracted items. The extracted items are returned in the same order as the
+// corresponding extract regular expression have been provided in the opts.
+//
+// The function returns an error if the application has failed to start or the
+// function has timed out extracting items from the log (normally because no log
+// records match the regular expression).
+func startApp(instance string, binary string, flags []string, opts *appOptions) (*app, []string, error) {
+	flags = setDefaultFlags(flags, opts.defaultFlags)
+
+	cmd := exec.Command(binary, flags...)
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	app := &app{
+		instance: instance,
+		binary:   binary,
+		flags:    flags,
+		process:  cmd.Process,
+	}
+
+	go app.processOutput("stdout", stdout, app.writeToStderr)
+
+	lineProcessors := make([]lineProcessor, len(opts.extractREs))
+	reExtractors := make([]*reExtractor, len(opts.extractREs))
+	timeout := time.NewTimer(5 * time.Second).C
+	for i, re := range opts.extractREs {
+		reExtractors[i] = newREExtractor(re, timeout)
+		lineProcessors[i] = reExtractors[i].extractRE
+	}
+	go app.processOutput("stderr", stderr, append(lineProcessors, app.writeToStderr)...)
+
+	extracts, err := extractREs(reExtractors, timeout)
+	if err != nil {
+		app.Stop()
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	return app, extracts, nil
+}
+
+// setDefaultFlags adds flags with default values to `flags` if it does not
+// initially contain them.
+func setDefaultFlags(flags []string, defaultFlags map[string]string) []string {
+	for _, flag := range flags {
+		for name := range defaultFlags {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(flag, name) {
+				delete(defaultFlags, name)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for name, value := range defaultFlags {
+		flags = append(flags, name+"="+value)
+	}
+	return flags
+}
+
+// stop sends the app process a SIGINT signal and waits until it terminates
+// gracefully.
+func (app *app) Stop() {
+	if err := app.process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Could not send SIGINT signal to %s process: %v", app.instance, err)
+	}
+	if _, err := app.process.Wait(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Could not wait for %s process completion: %v", app.instance, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the app state.
+func (app *app) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{instance: %q binary: %q flags: %q}", app.instance, app.binary, app.flags)
+}
+
+// lineProcessor is a function that is applied to the each line of the app
+// output (stdout or stderr). The function returns true to indicate the caller
+// that it has completed its work and should not be called again.
+type lineProcessor func(line string) (done bool)
+
+// processOutput invokes a set of processors on each line of app output (stdout
+// or stderr). Once a line processor is done (returns true) it is never invoked
+// again.
+//
+// A simple use case for this is to pipe the output of the child process to the
+// output of the parent process. A more sophisticated one is to retrieve some
+// runtime information from the child process logs, such as the server's
+// host:port.
+func (app *app) processOutput(outputName string, output io.Reader, lps ...lineProcessor) {
+	activeLPs := map[int]lineProcessor{}
+	for i, lp := range lps {
+		activeLPs[i] = lp
+	}
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(output)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		for i, process := range activeLPs {
+			if process(line) {
+				delete(activeLPs, i)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("could not scan %s %s: %v", app.instance, outputName, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// writeToStderr is a line processor that writes the line to the stderr.
+// The function always returns false to indicate its caller that each line must
+// be written to the stderr.
+func (app *app) writeToStderr(line string) bool {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s %s\n", app.instance, line)
+	return false
+}
+
+// extractREs waits until all reExtractors return the result and then returns
+// the combined result with items ordered the same way as reExtractors.
+//
+// The function returns an error if timeout occurs sooner then all reExtractors
+// finish its work.
+func extractREs(reExtractors []*reExtractor, timeout <-chan time.Time) ([]string, error) {
+	n := len(reExtractors)
+	notFoundREs := make(map[int]string)
+	extracts := make([]string, n)
+	cases := make([]reflect.SelectCase, n+1)
+	for i, x := range reExtractors {
+		cases[i] = x.selectCase
+		notFoundREs[i] = x.re.String()
+	}
+	cases[n] = reflect.SelectCase{
+		Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+		Chan: reflect.ValueOf(timeout),
+	}
+
+	for notFound := n; notFound > 0; {
+		i, value, _ := reflect.Select(cases)
+		if i == n {
+			// n-th select case means timeout.
+
+			values := func(m map[int]string) []string {
+				s := []string{}
+				for _, v := range m {
+					s = append(s, v)
+				}
+				return s
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not extract some or all regexps from stderr: %q", values(notFoundREs))
+		}
+		extracts[i] = value.String()
+		delete(notFoundREs, i)
+		notFound--
+	}
+	return extracts, nil
+}
+
+// reExtractor extracts some information based on a regular expression from the
+// app output within a timeout.
+type reExtractor struct {
+	re         *regexp.Regexp
+	result     chan string
+	timeout    <-chan time.Time
+	selectCase reflect.SelectCase
+}
+
+// newREExtractor create a new reExtractor based on a regexp and a timeout.
+func newREExtractor(re *regexp.Regexp, timeout <-chan time.Time) *reExtractor {
+	result := make(chan string)
+	return &reExtractor{
+		re:      re,
+		result:  result,
+		timeout: timeout,
+		selectCase: reflect.SelectCase{
+			Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+			Chan: reflect.ValueOf(result),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// extractRE is a line processor that extracts some information from a line
+// based on a regular expression. The function returns trun (to request the
+// caller to not to be called again) either when the match is found or due to
+// the timeout. The found match is written to the x.result channel and it is
+// important that this channel is monitored by a separate goroutine, otherwise
+// the function will block.
+func (x *reExtractor) extractRE(line string) bool {
+	submatch := x.re.FindSubmatch([]byte(line))
+	if len(submatch) == 2 {
+		select {
+		case x.result <- string(submatch[1]):
+		case <-x.timeout:
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

apptest/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Client is used for interacting with the apps over the network.
+//
+// At the moment it only supports HTTP protocol but may be exptended to support
+// RPCs, etc.
+type Client struct {
+	httpCli *http.Client
+}
+
+// NewClient creates a new client.
+func NewClient() *Client {
+	return &Client{
+		httpCli: &http.Client{
+			Transport: &http.Transport{},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// CloseConnections closes client connections.
+func (c *Client) CloseConnections() {
+	c.httpCli.CloseIdleConnections()
+}
+
+// Get sends a HTTP GET request. Once the function receives a response, it
+// checks whether the response status code matches the expected one and returns
+// the response body to the caller.
+func (c *Client) Get(t *testing.T, url string, wantStatusCode int) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	return c.do(t, http.MethodGet, url, "", "", wantStatusCode)
+}
+
+// Post sends a HTTP POST request. Once the function receives a response, it
+// checks whether the response status code matches the expected one and returns
+// the response body to the caller.
+func (c *Client) Post(t *testing.T, url, contentType, data string, wantStatusCode int) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	return c.do(t, http.MethodPost, url, contentType, data, wantStatusCode)
+}
+
+// PostForm sends a HTTP POST request containing the POST-form data. Once the
+// function receives a response, it checks whether the response status code
+// matches the expected one and returns the response body to the caller.
+func (c *Client) PostForm(t *testing.T, url string, data url.Values, wantStatusCode int) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	return c.Post(t, url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", data.Encode(), wantStatusCode)
+}
+
+// do prepares a HTTP request, sends it to the server, receives the response
+// from the server, ensures then response code matches the expected one, reads
+// the rentire response body and returns it to the caller.
+func (c *Client) do(t *testing.T, method, url, contentType, data string, wantStatusCode int) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, url, strings.NewReader(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not create a HTTP request: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(contentType) > 0 {
+		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", contentType)
+	}
+	res, err := c.httpCli.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not send HTTP request: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	body := readAllAndClose(t, res.Body)
+
+	if got, want := res.StatusCode, wantStatusCode; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected response code: got %d, want %d (body: %s)", got, want, body)
+	}
+
+	return body
+}
+
+// readAllAndClose reads everything from the response body and then closes it.
+func readAllAndClose(t *testing.T, responseBody io.ReadCloser) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	defer responseBody.Close()
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(responseBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not read response body: %d", err)
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+// ServesMetrics is used to retrive the app's metrics.
+//
+// This type is expected to be embdded by the apps that serve metrics.
+type ServesMetrics struct {
+	metricsURL string
+	cli        *Client
+}
+
+// GetIntMetric retrieves the value of a metric served by an app at /metrics URL.
+// The value is then converted to int.
+func (app *ServesMetrics) GetIntMetric(t *testing.T, metricName string) int {
+	return int(app.GetMetric(t, metricName))
+}
+
+// GetMetric retrieves the value of a metric served by an app at /metrics URL.
+func (app *ServesMetrics) GetMetric(t *testing.T, metricName string) float64 {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	metrics := app.cli.Get(t, app.metricsURL, http.StatusOK)
+	for _, metric := range strings.Split(metrics, "\n") {
+		value, found := strings.CutPrefix(metric, metricName)
+		if found {
+			value = strings.Trim(value, " ")
+			res, err := strconv.ParseFloat(value, 64)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("could not parse metric value %s: %v", metric, err)
+			}
+			return res
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("metic not found: %s", metricName)
+	return 0
+}
+
+// GetMetricsByPrefix retrieves the values of all metrics that start with given
+// prefix.
+func (app *ServesMetrics) GetMetricsByPrefix(t *testing.T, prefix string) []float64 {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	values := []float64{}
+
+	metrics := app.cli.Get(t, app.metricsURL, http.StatusOK)
+	for _, metric := range strings.Split(metrics, "\n") {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(metric, prefix) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		parts := strings.Split(metric, " ")
+		if len(parts) < 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected record format: got %q, want metric name and value separated by a space", metric)
+		}
+
+		value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(parts[len(parts)-1], 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("could not parse metric value %s: %v", metric, err)
+		}
+
+		values = append(values, value)
+	}
+	return values
+}

apptest/model.go

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// PrometheusQuerier contains methods available to Prometheus-like HTTP API for Querying
+type PrometheusQuerier interface {
+	PrometheusAPIV1Query(t *testing.T, query, time, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse
+	PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t *testing.T, query, start, end, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse
+	PrometheusAPIV1Series(t *testing.T, matchQuery string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse
+}
+
+// PrometheusWriter contains methods available to Prometheus-like HTTP API for Writing new data
+type PrometheusWriter interface {
+	PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t *testing.T, records []string, opts QueryOpts)
+}
+
+// StorageFlusher defines a method that forces the flushing of data inserted
+// into the storage, so it becomes available for searching immediately.
+type StorageFlusher interface {
+	ForceFlush(t *testing.T)
+}
+
+// PrometheusWriteQuerier encompasses the methods for writing, flushing and
+// querying the data.
+type PrometheusWriteQuerier interface {
+	PrometheusWriter
+	PrometheusQuerier
+	StorageFlusher
+}
+
+// QueryOpts contains various params used for querying or ingesting data
+type QueryOpts struct {
+	Tenant  string
+	Timeout string
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse is an inmemory representation of the
+// /prometheus/api/v1/query or /prometheus/api/v1/query_range response.
+type PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse struct {
+	Status string
+	Data   *QueryData
+}
+
+// NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse is a test helper function that creates a new
+// instance of PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse by unmarshalling a json string.
+func NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t *testing.T, s string) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	res := &PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), res); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not unmarshal query response: %v", err)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// QueryData holds the query result along with its type.
+type QueryData struct {
+	ResultType string
+	Result     []*QueryResult
+}
+
+// QueryResult holds the metric name (in the form of label name-value
+// collection) and its samples.
+//
+// Sample or Samples field is set for /prometheus/api/v1/query or
+// /prometheus/api/v1/query_range response respectively.
+type QueryResult struct {
+	Metric  map[string]string
+	Sample  *Sample   `json:"value"`
+	Samples []*Sample `json:"values"`
+}
+
+// Sample is a timeseries value at a given timestamp.
+type Sample struct {
+	Timestamp int64
+	Value     float64
+}
+
+// NewSample is a test helper function that creates a new sample out of time in
+// RFC3339 format and a value.
+func NewSample(t *testing.T, timeStr string, value float64) *Sample {
+	parsedTime, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not parse RFC3339 time %q: %v", timeStr, err)
+	}
+	return &Sample{parsedTime.Unix(), value}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON populates the sample fields from a JSON string.
+func (s *Sample) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	var (
+		ts int64
+		v  string
+	)
+	raw := []any{&ts, &v}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &raw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if got, want := len(raw), 2; got != want {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected number of fields: got %d, want %d (raw sample: %s)", got, want, string(b))
+	}
+	s.Timestamp = ts
+	var err error
+	s.Value, err = strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not parse sample value %q: %w", v, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse is an inmemory representation of the
+// /prometheus/api/v1/series response.
+type PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse struct {
+	Status    string
+	IsPartial bool
+	Data      []map[string]string
+}
+
+// NewPrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse is a test helper function that creates a new
+// instance of PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse by unmarshalling a json string.
+func NewPrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse(t *testing.T, s string) *PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	res := &PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), res); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not unmarshal series response: %v", err)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// Sort sorts the response data.
+func (r *PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse) Sort() {
+	str := func(m map[string]string) string {
+		s := []string{}
+		for k, v := range m {
+			s = append(s, k+v)
+		}
+		slices.Sort(s)
+		return strings.Join(s, "")
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(r.Data, func(a, b map[string]string) int {
+		return strings.Compare(str(a), str(b))
+	})
+}

apptest/testcase.go

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fs"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+// TestCase holds the state and defines clean-up procedure common for all test
+// cases.
+type TestCase struct {
+	t   *testing.T
+	cli *Client
+
+	startedApps []Stopper
+}
+
+// Stopper is an interface of objects that needs to be stopped via Stop() call
+type Stopper interface {
+	Stop()
+}
+
+// NewTestCase creates a new test case.
+func NewTestCase(t *testing.T) *TestCase {
+	return &TestCase{t, NewClient(), nil}
+}
+
+// Dir returns the directory name that should be used by as the -storageDataDir.
+func (tc *TestCase) Dir() string {
+	return tc.t.Name()
+}
+
+// Client returns an instance of the client that can be used for interacting with
+// the app(s) under test.
+func (tc *TestCase) Client() *Client {
+	return tc.cli
+}
+
+// Stop performs the test case clean up, such as closing all client connections
+// and removing the -storageDataDir directory.
+//
+// Note that the -storageDataDir is not removed in case of test case failure to
+// allow for further manual debugging.
+func (tc *TestCase) Stop() {
+	tc.cli.CloseConnections()
+	for _, app := range tc.startedApps {
+		app.Stop()
+	}
+	if !tc.t.Failed() {
+		fs.MustRemoveAll(tc.Dir())
+	}
+}
+
+// MustStartVmsingle is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vmsingle and fails the test if the app fails to start.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmsingle(instance string, flags []string) *Vmsingle {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	app, err := StartVmsingle(instance, flags, tc.cli)
+	if err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+	tc.addApp(app)
+	return app
+}
+
+// MustStartVmstorage is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vmstorage and fails the test if the app fails to start.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmstorage(instance string, flags []string) *Vmstorage {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	app, err := StartVmstorage(instance, flags, tc.cli)
+	if err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+	tc.addApp(app)
+	return app
+}
+
+// MustStartVmselect is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vmselect and fails the test if the app fails to start.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmselect(instance string, flags []string) *Vmselect {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	app, err := StartVmselect(instance, flags, tc.cli)
+	if err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+	tc.addApp(app)
+	return app
+}
+
+// MustStartVminsert is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vminsert and fails the test if the app fails to start.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVminsert(instance string, flags []string) *Vminsert {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	app, err := StartVminsert(instance, flags, tc.cli)
+	if err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+	tc.addApp(app)
+	return app
+}
+
+type vmcluster struct {
+	*Vminsert
+	*Vmselect
+	vmstorages []*Vmstorage
+}
+
+func (c *vmcluster) ForceFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, s := range c.vmstorages {
+		s.ForceFlush(t)
+	}
+}
+
+// MustStartCluster is a typical cluster configuration.
+//
+// The cluster consists of two vmstorages, one vminsert and one vmselect, no
+// data replication.
+//
+// Such configuration is suitable for tests that don't verify the
+// cluster-specific behavior (such as sharding, replication, or multilevel
+// vmselect) but instead just need a typical cluster configuration to verify
+// some business logic (such as API surface, or MetricsQL). Such cluster
+// tests usually come paired with corresponding vmsingle tests.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartCluster() PrometheusWriteQuerier {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	vmstorage1 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-1", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-1",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+	vmstorage2 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-2", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-2",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+	vminsert := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VminsertAddr() + "," + vmstorage2.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+	vmselect := tc.MustStartVmselect("vmselect", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VmselectAddr() + "," + vmstorage2.VmselectAddr(),
+	})
+
+	return &vmcluster{vminsert, vmselect, []*Vmstorage{vmstorage1, vmstorage2}}
+}
+
+func (tc *TestCase) addApp(app Stopper) {
+	tc.startedApps = append(tc.startedApps, app)
+}
+
+// AssertOptions hold the assertion params, such as got and wanted values as
+// well as the message that should be included into the assertion error message
+// in case of failure.
+//
+// In VictoriaMetrics (especially the cluster version) the inserted data does
+// not become visible for querying right away. Therefore, the first comparisons
+// may fail. AssertOptions allow to configure how many times the actual result
+// must be retrieved and compared with the expected one and for long to wait
+// between the retries. If these two params (`Retries` and `Period`) are not
+// set, the default values will be used.
+//
+// If it is known that the data is available, then the retry functionality can
+// be disabled by setting the `DoNotRetry` field.
+//
+// AssertOptions are used by the TestCase.Assert() method, and this method uses
+// cmp.Diff() from go-cmp package for comparing got and wanted values.
+// AssertOptions, therefore, allows to pass cmp.Options to cmp.Diff() via
+// `CmpOpts` field.
+//
+// Finally the `FailNow` field controls whether the assertion should fail using
+// `testing.T.Errorf()` or `testing.T.Fatalf()`.
+type AssertOptions struct {
+	Msg        string
+	Got        func() any
+	Want       any
+	CmpOpts    []cmp.Option
+	DoNotRetry bool
+	Retries    int
+	Period     time.Duration
+	FailNow    bool
+}
+
+// Assert compares the actual result with the expected one possibly multiple
+// times in order to account for the fact that the inserted data does not become
+// available for querying right away (especially in cluster version of
+// VictoriaMetrics).
+func (tc *TestCase) Assert(opts *AssertOptions) {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	const (
+		defaultRetries = 20
+		defaultPeriod  = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	)
+
+	if opts.DoNotRetry {
+		opts.Retries = 1
+		opts.Period = 0
+	} else {
+		if opts.Retries <= 0 {
+			opts.Retries = defaultRetries
+		}
+		if opts.Period <= 0 {
+			opts.Period = defaultPeriod
+		}
+	}
+
+	var diff string
+
+	for range opts.Retries {
+		diff = cmp.Diff(opts.Want, opts.Got(), opts.CmpOpts...)
+		if diff == "" {
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(opts.Period)
+	}
+
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("%s (-want, +got):\n%s", opts.Msg, diff)
+
+	if opts.FailNow {
+		tc.t.Fatal(msg)
+	} else {
+		tc.t.Error(msg)
+	}
+}

apptest/tests/key_concepts_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+)
+
+// Data used in examples in
+// https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query and
+// https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query
+var docData = []string{
+	"foo_bar 1.00 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	"foo_bar 2.00 1652169660000", // 2022-05-10T08:01:00Z
+	"foo_bar 3.00 1652169720000", // 2022-05-10T08:02:00Z
+	"foo_bar 5.00 1652169840000", // 2022-05-10T08:04:00Z, one point missed
+	"foo_bar 5.50 1652169960000", // 2022-05-10T08:06:00Z, one point missed
+	"foo_bar 5.50 1652170020000", // 2022-05-10T08:07:00Z
+	"foo_bar 4.00 1652170080000", // 2022-05-10T08:08:00Z
+	"foo_bar 3.50 1652170260000", // 2022-05-10T08:11:00Z, two points missed
+	"foo_bar 3.25 1652170320000", // 2022-05-10T08:12:00Z
+	"foo_bar 3.00 1652170380000", // 2022-05-10T08:13:00Z
+	"foo_bar 2.00 1652170440000", // 2022-05-10T08:14:00Z
+	"foo_bar 1.00 1652170500000", // 2022-05-10T08:15:00Z
+	"foo_bar 4.00 1652170560000", // 2022-05-10T08:16:00Z
+}
+
+// TestSingleKeyConceptsQuery verifies cases from https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#query-data
+// for vm-single.
+func TestSingleKeyConceptsQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	sut := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+
+	testKeyConceptsQueryData(t, sut)
+}
+
+// TestClusterKeyConceptsQueryData verifies cases from https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#query-data
+// for vm-cluster.
+func TestClusterKeyConceptsQueryData(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	sut := tc.MustStartCluster()
+
+	testKeyConceptsQueryData(t, sut)
+}
+
+// testClusterKeyConceptsQuery verifies cases from https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#query-data
+func testKeyConceptsQueryData(t *testing.T, sut apptest.PrometheusWriteQuerier) {
+	opts := apptest.QueryOpts{Timeout: "5s", Tenant: "0"}
+
+	// Insert example data from documentation.
+	sut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, docData, opts)
+	sut.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	testInstantQuery(t, sut, opts)
+	testRangeQuery(t, sut, opts)
+	testRangeQueryIsEquivalentToManyInstantQueries(t, sut, opts)
+}
+
+// testInstantQuery verifies the statements made in the `Instant query` section
+// of the VictoriaMetrics documentation. See:
+// https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query
+func testInstantQuery(t *testing.T, q apptest.PrometheusQuerier, opts apptest.QueryOpts) {
+	// Get the value of the foo_bar time series at 2022-05-10T08:03:00Z with the
+	// step of 5m and timeout 5s. There is no sample at exactly this timestamp.
+	// Therefore, VictoriaMetrics will search for the nearest sample within the
+	// [time-5m..time] interval.
+	got := q.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, "foo_bar", "2022-05-10T08:03:00.000Z", "5m", opts)
+	want := apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, `{"data":{"result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"foo_bar"},"value":[1652169780,"3"]}]}}`)
+	opt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, opt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	// Get the value of the foo_bar time series at 2022-05-10T08:18:00Z with the
+	// step of 1m and timeout 5s. There is no sample at this timestamp.
+	// Therefore, VictoriaMetrics will search for the nearest sample within the
+	// [time-1m..time] interval. Since the nearest sample is 2m away and the
+	// step is 1m, then the VictoriaMetrics must return empty response.
+	got = q.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, "foo_bar", "2022-05-10T08:18:00.000Z", "1m", opts)
+	if len(got.Data.Result) > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response: got non-empty result, want empty result:\n%v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// testRangeQuery verifies the statements made in the `Range query` section of
+// the VictoriaMetrics documentation. See:
+// https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query
+func testRangeQuery(t *testing.T, q apptest.PrometheusQuerier, opts apptest.QueryOpts) {
+	f := func(start, end, step string, wantSamples []*apptest.Sample) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		got := q.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, "foo_bar", start, end, step, opts)
+		want := apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, `{"data": {"result": [{"metric": {"__name__": "foo_bar"}, "values": []}]}}`)
+		want.Data.Result[0].Samples = wantSamples
+		opt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, opt); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify the statement that the query result for
+	// [2022-05-10T07:59:00Z..2022-05-10T08:17:00Z] time range and 1m step will
+	// contain 17 points.
+	f("2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z", "2022-05-10T08:17:00.000Z", "1m", []*apptest.Sample{
+		// Sample for 2022-05-10T07:59:00Z is missing because the time series has
+		// samples only starting from 8:00.
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:00:00Z", 1),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:01:00Z", 2),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:02:00Z", 3),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:03:00Z", 3),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:04:00Z", 5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:05:00Z", 5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:06:00Z", 5.5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:07:00Z", 5.5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:08:00Z", 4),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:09:00Z", 4),
+		// Sample for 2022-05-10T08:10:00Z is missing because there is no sample
+		// within the [8:10 - 1m .. 8:10] interval.
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:11:00Z", 3.5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:12:00Z", 3.25),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:13:00Z", 3),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:14:00Z", 2),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:15:00Z", 1),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:16:00Z", 4),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:17:00Z", 4),
+	})
+
+	// Verify the statement that a query is executed at start, start+step,
+	// start+2*step, …, step+N*step timestamps, where N is the whole number
+	// of steps that fit between start and end.
+	f("2022-05-10T08:00:01.000Z", "2022-05-10T08:02:00.000Z", "1m", []*apptest.Sample{
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:00:01Z", 1),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:01:01Z", 2),
+	})
+
+	// Verify the statement that a query is executed at start, start+step,
+	// start+2*step, …, end timestamps, when end = start + N*step.
+	f("2022-05-10T08:00:00.000Z", "2022-05-10T08:02:00.000Z", "1m", []*apptest.Sample{
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:00:00Z", 1),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:01:00Z", 2),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:02:00Z", 3),
+	})
+
+	// If the step isn’t set, then it defaults to 5m (5 minutes).
+	f("2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z", "2022-05-10T08:17:00.000Z", "", []*apptest.Sample{
+		// Sample for 2022-05-10T07:59:00Z is missing because the time series has
+		// samples only starting from 8:00.
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:04:00Z", 5),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:09:00Z", 4),
+		apptest.NewSample(t, "2022-05-10T08:14:00Z", 2),
+	})
+}
+
+// testRangeQueryIsEquivalentToManyInstantQueries verifies the statement made in
+// the `Range query` section of the VictoriaMetrics documentation that a range
+// query is actually an instant query executed 1 + (start-end)/step times on the
+// time range from start to end. See:
+// https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query
+func testRangeQueryIsEquivalentToManyInstantQueries(t *testing.T, q apptest.PrometheusQuerier, opts apptest.QueryOpts) {
+	f := func(timestamp string, want *apptest.Sample) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		gotInstant := q.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, "foo_bar", timestamp, "1m", opts)
+		if want == nil {
+			if got, want := len(gotInstant.Data.Result), 0; got != want {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected instant result size: got %d, want %d", got, want)
+			}
+		} else {
+			got := gotInstant.Data.Result[0].Sample
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected instant sample (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	rangeRes := q.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, "foo_bar", "2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z", "2022-05-10T08:17:00.000Z", "1m", opts)
+	rangeSamples := rangeRes.Data.Result[0].Samples
+
+	f("2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z", nil)
+	f("2022-05-10T08:00:00.000Z", rangeSamples[0])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:01:00.000Z", rangeSamples[1])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:02:00.000Z", rangeSamples[2])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:03:00.000Z", rangeSamples[3])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:04:00.000Z", rangeSamples[4])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:05:00.000Z", rangeSamples[5])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:06:00.000Z", rangeSamples[6])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:07:00.000Z", rangeSamples[7])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:08:00.000Z", rangeSamples[8])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:09:00.000Z", rangeSamples[9])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:10:00.000Z", nil)
+	f("2022-05-10T08:11:00.000Z", rangeSamples[10])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:12:00.000Z", rangeSamples[11])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:13:00.000Z", rangeSamples[12])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:14:00.000Z", rangeSamples[13])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:15:00.000Z", rangeSamples[14])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:16:00.000Z", rangeSamples[15])
+	f("2022-05-10T08:17:00.000Z", rangeSamples[16])
+}

apptest/tests/multilevel_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand/v2"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+)
+
+func TestClusterMultilevelSelect(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	// Set up the following multi-level cluster configuration:
+	//
+	// vmselect (L2) -> vmselect (L1) -> vmstorage <- vminsert
+	//
+	// vmisert writes data into vmstorage.
+	// vmselect (L2) reads that data via vmselect (L1).
+
+	vmstorage := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage",
+	})
+	vminsert := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+	vmselectL1 := tc.MustStartVmselect("vmselect-level1", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage.VmselectAddr(),
+	})
+	vmselectL2 := tc.MustStartVmselect("vmselect-level2", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmselectL1.ClusternativeListenAddr(),
+	})
+
+	// Insert 1000 unique time series.
+
+	const numMetrics = 1000
+	records := make([]string, numMetrics)
+	want := &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: false,
+		Data:      make([]map[string]string, numMetrics),
+	}
+	for i := range numMetrics {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("metric_%d", i)
+		records[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %d", name, rand.IntN(1000))
+		want.Data[i] = map[string]string{"__name__": name}
+	}
+	want.Sort()
+	qopts := apptest.QueryOpts{Tenant: "0"}
+	vminsert.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, records, qopts)
+	vmstorage.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	// Retrieve all time series and verify that both vmselect (L1) and
+	// vmselect (L2) serve the complete set of time series.
+
+	got := func(app *apptest.Vmselect) any {
+		res := app.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, qopts)
+		res.Sort()
+		return res
+	}
+	tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+		Msg:  "unexpected level-1 series count",
+		Got:  func() any { return got(vmselectL1) },
+		Want: want,
+	})
+	tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+		Msg:  "unexpected level-2 series count",
+		Got:  func() any { return got(vmselectL2) },
+		Want: want,
+	})
+}

apptest/tests/sharding_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand/v2"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+)
+
+func TestClusterVminsertShardsDataVmselectBuildsFullResultFromShards(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	// Set up the following cluster configuration:
+	//
+	// - two vmstorage instances
+	// - vminsert points to the two vmstorages, its replication setting
+	//   is off which means it will only shard the incoming data across the two
+	//   vmstorages.
+	// - vmselect points to the two vmstorages and is expected to query both
+	//   vmstorages and build the full result out of the two partial results.
+
+	vmstorage1 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-1", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-1",
+	})
+	vmstorage2 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-2", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-2",
+	})
+	vminsert := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VminsertAddr() + "," + vmstorage2.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+	vmselect := tc.MustStartVmselect("vmselect", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VmselectAddr() + "," + vmstorage2.VmselectAddr(),
+	})
+
+	// Insert 1000 unique time series.
+
+	const numMetrics = 1000
+	records := make([]string, numMetrics)
+	want := &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: false,
+		Data:      make([]map[string]string, numMetrics),
+	}
+	for i := range numMetrics {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("metric_%d", i)
+		records[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %d", name, rand.IntN(1000))
+		want.Data[i] = map[string]string{"__name__": name}
+	}
+	want.Sort()
+	qopts := apptest.QueryOpts{Tenant: "0"}
+	vminsert.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, records, qopts)
+	vmstorage1.ForceFlush(t)
+	vmstorage2.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	// Verify that inserted data has been indeed sharded by checking metrics
+	// exposed by vmstorage.
+
+	numMetrics1 := vmstorage1.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_vminsert_metrics_read_total")
+	if numMetrics1 == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("storage-1 has no time series")
+	}
+	numMetrics2 := vmstorage2.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_vminsert_metrics_read_total")
+	if numMetrics2 == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("storage-2 has no time series")
+	}
+	if numMetrics1+numMetrics2 != numMetrics {
+		t.Fatalf("unxepected total number of metrics: vmstorage-1 (%d) + vmstorage-2 (%d) != %d", numMetrics1, numMetrics2, numMetrics)
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve all time series and verify that vmselect serves the complete set
+	// of time series.
+
+	tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+		Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/series response",
+		Got: func() any {
+			res := vmselect.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, qopts)
+			res.Sort()
+			return res
+		},
+		Want: want,
+	})
+}

apptest/vminsert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Vminsert holds the state of a vminsert app and provides vminsert-specific
+// functions.
+type Vminsert struct {
+	*app
+	*ServesMetrics
+
+	httpListenAddr string
+	cli            *Client
+}
+
+// StartVminsert starts an instance of vminsert with the given flags. It also
+// sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
+// values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr)
+func StartVminsert(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client) (*Vminsert, error) {
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vminsert", flags, &appOptions{
+		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
+			"-httpListenAddr": "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		extractREs: []*regexp.Regexp{
+			httpListenAddrRE,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Vminsert{
+		app: app,
+		ServesMetrics: &ServesMetrics{
+			metricsURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", stderrExtracts[0]),
+			cli:        cli,
+		},
+		httpListenAddr: stderrExtracts[0],
+		cli:            cli,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus is a test helper function that inserts a
+// collection of records in Prometheus text exposition format for the given
+// tenant by sending a HTTP POST request to
+// /prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus vminsert endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1importprometheus
+func (app *Vminsert) PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t *testing.T, records []string, opts QueryOpts) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/insert/%s/prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus", app.httpListenAddr, opts.Tenant)
+	wantRowsSentCount := app.rpcRowsSentTotal(t) + len(records)
+	app.cli.Post(t, url, "text/plain", strings.Join(records, "\n"), http.StatusNoContent)
+	app.waitUntilSent(t, wantRowsSentCount)
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the vminsert app state.
+func (app *Vminsert) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{app: %s httpListenAddr: %q}", app.app, app.httpListenAddr)
+}
+
+// waitUntilSent waits until vminsert sends buffered data to vmstorage.
+//
+// Waiting is implemented a retrieving the value of `vm_rpc_rows_sent_total`
+// metric and checking whether it is equal or greater than the wanted value.
+// If it is, then the data has been sent to vmstorage.
+//
+// Unreliable if the records are inserted concurrently.
+func (app *Vminsert) waitUntilSent(t *testing.T, wantRowsSentCount int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	const (
+		retries = 20
+		period  = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	)
+
+	for range retries {
+		if app.rpcRowsSentTotal(t) >= wantRowsSentCount {
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(period)
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("timed out while waiting for inserted rows to be sent to vmstorage")
+}
+
+// rpcRowsSentTotal retrieves the values of all vminsert
+// `vm_rpc_rows_sent_total` metrics (there will be one for each vmstorage) and
+// returns their integer sum.
+func (app *Vminsert) rpcRowsSentTotal(t *testing.T) int {
+	total := 0.0
+	for _, v := range app.GetMetricsByPrefix(t, "vm_rpc_rows_sent_total") {
+		total += v
+	}
+	return int(total)
+}

apptest/vmselect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Vmselect holds the state of a vmselect app and provides vmselect-specific
+// functions.
+type Vmselect struct {
+	*app
+	*ServesMetrics
+
+	httpListenAddr          string
+	clusternativeListenAddr string
+	cli                     *Client
+}
+
+// StartVmselect starts an instance of vmselect with the given flags. It also
+// sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
+// values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr)
+func StartVmselect(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client) (*Vmselect, error) {
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmselect", flags, &appOptions{
+		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
+			"-httpListenAddr":          "127.0.0.1:0",
+			"-clusternativeListenAddr": "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		extractREs: []*regexp.Regexp{
+			httpListenAddrRE,
+			vmselectAddrRE,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Vmselect{
+		app: app,
+		ServesMetrics: &ServesMetrics{
+			metricsURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", stderrExtracts[0]),
+			cli:        cli,
+		},
+		httpListenAddr:          stderrExtracts[0],
+		clusternativeListenAddr: stderrExtracts[1],
+		cli:                     cli,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ClusternativeListenAddr returns the address at which the vmselect process is
+// listening for connections from other vmselect apps.
+func (app *Vmselect) ClusternativeListenAddr() string {
+	return app.clusternativeListenAddr
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1Query is a test helper function that performs PromQL/MetricsQL
+// instant query by sending a HTTP POST request to /prometheus/api/v1/query
+// vmsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1query
+func (app *Vmselect) PrometheusAPIV1Query(t *testing.T, query, time, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	queryURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/select/%s/prometheus/api/v1/query", app.httpListenAddr, opts.Tenant)
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("query", query)
+	values.Add("time", time)
+	values.Add("step", step)
+	values.Add("timeout", opts.Timeout)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, queryURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange is a test helper function that performs
+// PromQL/MetricsQL range query by sending a HTTP POST request to
+// /prometheus/api/v1/query_range vmsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1query_range
+func (app *Vmselect) PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t *testing.T, query, start, end, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	queryURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/select/%s/prometheus/api/v1/query_range", app.httpListenAddr, opts.Tenant)
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("query", query)
+	values.Add("start", start)
+	values.Add("end", end)
+	values.Add("step", step)
+	values.Add("timeout", opts.Timeout)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, queryURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1Series sends a query to a /prometheus/api/v1/series endpoint
+// and returns the list of time series that match the query.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series
+func (app *Vmselect) PrometheusAPIV1Series(t *testing.T, matchQuery string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	seriesURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/select/%s/prometheus/api/v1/series", app.httpListenAddr, opts.Tenant)
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("match[]", matchQuery)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, seriesURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the vmselect app state.
+func (app *Vmselect) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{app: %s httpListenAddr: %q}", app.app, app.httpListenAddr)
+}

apptest/vmsingle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Vmsingle holds the state of a vmsingle app and provides vmsingle-specific
+// functions.
+type Vmsingle struct {
+	*app
+	*ServesMetrics
+
+	storageDataPath string
+	httpListenAddr  string
+
+	forceFlushURL                      string
+	prometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheusURL string
+	prometheusAPIV1QueryURL            string
+	prometheusAPIV1QueryRangeURL       string
+	prometheusAPIV1SeriesURL           string
+}
+
+// StartVmsingle starts an instance of vmsingle with the given flags. It also
+// sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
+// values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr).
+func StartVmsingle(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client) (*Vmsingle, error) {
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/victoria-metrics", flags, &appOptions{
+		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
+			"-storageDataPath": fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s-%d", os.TempDir(), instance, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+			"-httpListenAddr":  "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		extractREs: []*regexp.Regexp{
+			storageDataPathRE,
+			httpListenAddrRE,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Vmsingle{
+		app: app,
+		ServesMetrics: &ServesMetrics{
+			metricsURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", stderrExtracts[1]),
+			cli:        cli,
+		},
+		storageDataPath: stderrExtracts[0],
+		httpListenAddr:  stderrExtracts[1],
+
+		forceFlushURL:                      fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/internal/force_flush", stderrExtracts[1]),
+		prometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheusURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus", stderrExtracts[1]),
+		prometheusAPIV1QueryURL:            fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/prometheus/api/v1/query", stderrExtracts[1]),
+		prometheusAPIV1QueryRangeURL:       fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/prometheus/api/v1/query_range", stderrExtracts[1]),
+		prometheusAPIV1SeriesURL:           fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/prometheus/api/v1/series", stderrExtracts[1]),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ForceFlush is a test helper function that forces the flushing of inserted
+// data, so it becomes available for searching immediately.
+func (app *Vmsingle) ForceFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	app.cli.Get(t, app.forceFlushURL, http.StatusOK)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus is a test helper function that inserts a
+// collection of records in Prometheus text exposition format by sending a HTTP
+// POST request to /prometheus/api/v1/import/prometheus vmsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1importprometheus
+func (app *Vmsingle) PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t *testing.T, records []string, _ QueryOpts) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	app.cli.Post(t, app.prometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheusURL, "text/plain", strings.Join(records, "\n"), http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1Query is a test helper function that performs PromQL/MetricsQL
+// instant query by sending a HTTP POST request to /prometheus/api/v1/query
+// vmsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1query
+func (app *Vmsingle) PrometheusAPIV1Query(t *testing.T, query, time, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("query", query)
+	values.Add("time", time)
+	values.Add("step", step)
+	values.Add("timeout", opts.Timeout)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, app.prometheusAPIV1QueryURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange is a test helper function that performs
+// PromQL/MetricsQL range query by sending a HTTP POST request to
+// /prometheus/api/v1/query_range vmsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1query_range
+func (app *Vmsingle) PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t *testing.T, query, start, end, step string, opts QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("query", query)
+	values.Add("start", start)
+	values.Add("end", end)
+	values.Add("step", step)
+	values.Add("timeout", opts.Timeout)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, app.prometheusAPIV1QueryRangeURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// PrometheusAPIV1Series sends a query to a /prometheus/api/v1/series endpoint
+// and returns the list of time series that match the query.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series
+func (app *Vmsingle) PrometheusAPIV1Series(t *testing.T, matchQuery string, _ QueryOpts) *PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	values := url.Values{}
+	values.Add("match[]", matchQuery)
+	res := app.cli.PostForm(t, app.prometheusAPIV1SeriesURL, values, http.StatusOK)
+	return NewPrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the vmsingle app state.
+func (app *Vmsingle) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{app: %s storageDataPath: %q httpListenAddr: %q}", []any{
+		app.app, app.storageDataPath, app.httpListenAddr}...)
+}

apptest/vmstorage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Vmstorage holds the state of a vmstorage app and provides vmstorage-specific
+// functions.
+type Vmstorage struct {
+	*app
+	*ServesMetrics
+
+	storageDataPath string
+	httpListenAddr  string
+	vminsertAddr    string
+	vmselectAddr    string
+
+	forceFlushURL string
+}
+
+// StartVmstorage starts an instance of vmstorage with the given flags. It also
+// sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
+// values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr)
+func StartVmstorage(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client) (*Vmstorage, error) {
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmstorage", flags, &appOptions{
+		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
+			"-storageDataPath": fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s-%d", os.TempDir(), instance, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+			"-httpListenAddr":  "127.0.0.1:0",
+			"-vminsertAddr":    "127.0.0.1:0",
+			"-vmselectAddr":    "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		extractREs: []*regexp.Regexp{
+			storageDataPathRE,
+			httpListenAddrRE,
+			vminsertAddrRE,
+			vmselectAddrRE,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Vmstorage{
+		app: app,
+		ServesMetrics: &ServesMetrics{
+			metricsURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", stderrExtracts[1]),
+			cli:        cli,
+		},
+		storageDataPath: stderrExtracts[0],
+		httpListenAddr:  stderrExtracts[1],
+		vminsertAddr:    stderrExtracts[2],
+		vmselectAddr:    stderrExtracts[3],
+
+		forceFlushURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/internal/force_flush", stderrExtracts[1]),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// VminsertAddr returns the address at which the vmstorage process is listening
+// for vminsert connections.
+func (app *Vmstorage) VminsertAddr() string {
+	return app.vminsertAddr
+}
+
+// VmselectAddr returns the address at which the vmstorage process is listening
+// for vmselect connections.
+func (app *Vmstorage) VmselectAddr() string {
+	return app.vmselectAddr
+}
+
+// ForceFlush is a test helper function that forces the flushing of inserted
+// data, so it becomes available for searching immediately.
+func (app *Vmstorage) ForceFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	app.cli.Get(t, app.forceFlushURL, http.StatusOK)
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the vmstorage app state.
+func (app *Vmstorage) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{app: %s storageDataPath: %q httpListenAddr: %q vminsertAddr: %q vmselectAddr: %q}", []any{
+		app.app, app.storageDataPath, app.httpListenAddr, app.vminsertAddr, app.vmselectAddr}...)
+}

dashboards/Makefile

@@ -16,3 +16,6 @@ dashboards-sync:
 	SRC=vmalert.json D_UID=LzldHAVnz TITLE="VictoriaMetrics - vmalert" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy
 	SRC=vmauth.json D_UID=nbuo5Mr4k TITLE="VictoriaMetrics - vmauth" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy
 	SRC=operator.json D_UID=1H179hunk TITLE="VictoriaMetrics - operator" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy
+	SRC=backupmanager.json D_UID=gF-lxRdVz TITLE="VictoriaMetrics - backupmanager" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy
+	SRC=clusterbytenant.json D_UID=IZFqd3lMz TITLE="VictoriaMetrics Cluster Per Tenant Statistic" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy
+	SRC=victorialogs.json D_UID=OqPIZTX4z TITLE="VictoriaLogs" $(MAKE) dashboard-copy

dashboards/backupmanager.json

@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@
           "color": {
             "mode": "thresholds"
           },
+          "min": 0,
           "mappings": [
             {
               "options": {
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@
             "mode": "thresholds"
           },
           "mappings": [],
+          "min": 0,
           "thresholds": {
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
@@ -297,6 +299,7 @@
             "mode": "thresholds"
           },
           "mappings": [],
+          "min": 0,
           "thresholds": {
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
@@ -361,6 +364,7 @@
           "color": {
             "mode": "thresholds"
           },
+          "min": 0,
           "mappings": [
             {
               "options": {
@@ -450,6 +454,7 @@
               "type": "value"
             }
           ],
+          "min": 0,
           "thresholds": {
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
@@ -523,6 +528,7 @@
               "type": "value"
             }
           ],
+          "min": 0,
           "thresholds": {
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [